Building Minds (Piaget & Vygotsky)
Piaget's first stage, from birth to about age 2, when babies learn through their senses and movement.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
This theorist proposed multiple intelligences, including musical, linguistic, and naturalist.
Who is Howard Gardner?
Diana Baumrind's parenting style that pairs warmth and affection with firm discipline.
What is authoritative parenting?
This physiologist trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
Erikson's adolescent stage, when teens ask "Who am I?"
What is identity vs. role confusion?
Vygotsky's "magic middle": what a student can do with help, but not yet on their own.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The memory system where we actively hold and think about information right now. It is small and lasts less than a minute.
What is working or short-term memory?
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, this system holds the people a student has direct contact with, like family, friends, and teachers.
What is the microsystem?
A teacher gives stars for good behavior, and 10 stars earns a pizza party.
What is positive reinforcement? (*Specifically a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule)
This three-letter acronym describes teaching skills like managing emotions, building relationships, and making responsible decisions.
What is SEL (Social-Emotional Learning)?
Fitting new information into a schema you already have. Example- in a seventh-grade science class, students already know that a solid melts when it absorbs enough heat, like an ice cube turning into water. When the teacher warms a piece of chocolate, one student says, “It’s melting, just like ice.”
What is assimilation?
The permanent memory store with seemingly unlimited capacity.
What is long-term memory?
Luis Moll's term for the knowledge students bring from home and community, such as cooking traditions, a parent's trade, or a home language.
What are funds of knowledge?
B.F. Skinner's theory that behavior is shaped by rewards and consequences.
What is operant conditioning?
Kohlberg's level where a child avoids stealing a cookie only because they don't want to get in trouble.
What is the pre-conventional level?
Temporary support from a teacher, like hints, modeling, or graphic organizers, that is removed as students learn.
What is scaffolding?
Grouping letters into NBC, PHD, SAT, and CBS so they are easier to remember.
What is chunking?
Gloria Ladson-Billings' teaching approach built on academic success, cultural competence, and critical consciousness.
What is Culturally Relevant Pedagogy?
In Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivating at the sound of the bell alone.
What is a conditioned response?
Jasmine, 14, sets a goal, puts her phone out of reach before homework, and checks her progress as she works. She is showing this skill.
What is self-regulation (self-regulated learning) or self-management (SEL skill)?
In Vygotsky's theory, the person who helps a learner, such as a teacher, parent, or older cousin.
What is a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)?
A student daydreaming about a concert learns little of the algebra lesson because information can't reach working memory without this.
What is attention (selective attention)?
In this pillar of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy, students learn to recognize and challenge injustice, like researching unequal school funding across their city and presenting solutions to the school board.
What is critical consciousness?
Taking away something unpleasant to increase a good behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Kohlberg's highest level, where people follow their own principles of right and wrong, even if it means breaking a rule.
What is the post-conventional level?