Context of EAP
An EAP course offered before students begin their university degree, often to prepare them for academic study in English, is know as.........
An academic writer changes ‘Smith (2020) found that…’ to ‘Previous studies have shown that…’ to foreground the research rather than an individual author. The two citation forms involved are known by these terms.
integral and non-integral citations
According to Baratta (2025), this stage comes between critical reading and critical writing in the three-stage process of criticality....
critical thinking
This type of assessment takes place during a course and aims to help students improve their learning before the final assessment.
formative assessment
According to (Mohammadi, 2025), critical reading involves evaluating evidence and questioning arguments.
incorrect placement of parentheses/brackets: According to Mohammadi (2025), critical reading involves evaluating evidence and questioning arguments.
The growing practice of teaching university subjects through English in countries where English is not the majority first language is commonly referred to by this three-letter abbreviation....
English-Medium Instruction (EMI)
This four-part structure commonly referred to as IMRD is associated with research articles, particularly in STEM disciplines....
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Words such as ‘might’, ‘could’ and ‘arguably’ are examples of this linguistic strategy, which helps academic writers avoid making overly strong claims....
hedging
According to Green (2025), this type of feedback explains a student's mark by commenting on the strengths and limitations of their completed assignment.
summative feedback
Green (2025) explains that feedback should help students improve their writing (p. 105), noting that it ‘suggests what needs to be done and how to go about doing it’.
Incorrectly placed page citation:
Green (2025) explains that feedback should help students improve their writing, noting that it “suggests what needs to be done and how to go about doing it” (p. 105).
According to Kachru’s model, countries such as the UK, India and Japan are classified into these three circles based on the status and use of English....
1) Inner circle, 2) Outer circle and 3) Expanding circle
Research proposals, dissertations, and research funding applications belong to this category of academic genres because failure to produce them successfully can have significant academic or professional consequences.....
high-stakes genres
Mohammadi (2025) argues that critical readers should not accept academic claims at face value. Instead, they should evaluate the credibility of evidence, consider alternative perspectives, and identify these potential challenges to an argument....
counterarguments/limitations
If two EAP teachers give very different marks to the same student essay, which essential characteristic of assessment quality is being compromised?
reliability
According to Pecorari & Coxhead (2026), EAP provision varies across educational contexts.
We need to use ‘and’ instead of an ampersand (&) in a narrative citation:
According to Pecorari and Coxhead (2026), EAP provision varies across educational contexts.
A university notices that international students perform poorly on written assignments and immediately introduces academic writing classes. According to Pecorari and Coxhead (2026), it should first conduct this process to identify the actual source of students’ difficulties.....
needs analysis
In Swales’ CARS model, a research article introduction establishes a research territory, identifies a gap or niche, and then performs this final rhetorical move. What is this move?
occupying the niche/presenting the current study
An MA student reads two articles about task-based language teaching. One focuses only on its benefits, while the other discusses both benefits and limitations. Rather than simply choosing one, the student compares the arguments, evidence and contexts. This is an example of what critical reading practice?
synthesis of perspectives/critical comparison and evaluation of multiple sources
Schmitt and Hamp-Lyons (2015) argue that EAP teachers need this specialised knowledge to design, administer and interpret valid and reliable assessments.
assessment literacy
Baratta (2025, p. 22) argues that critical thinking is important in academic writing.
Including a page number is not required for a paraphrase. Use page numbers only for direct quotations.
Baratta (2025) argues that critical thinking is important in academic writing.
When English increasingly replaces a local language in university teaching, research and publication, that local language may gradually stop being used for academic purposes. This phenomenon is known by this sociolinguistic term....
domain loss
An EAP teacher gives all MA students the same generic research-report template, regardless of discipline or purpose. Drawing on genre research, identify TWO reasons why this approach may be pedagogically problematic....
1) genre structures and rhetorical conventions vary across disciplines and communicative purposes, AND (2) students need to learn the specific genres, expectations and practices of their academic communities.
A study reports that hedging remains common in doctoral theses, while self-mention has increased over time. A student concludes that doctoral writing has become completely informal. Identify the key problem with this interpretation.
overgeneralisation / drawing a conclusion that goes beyond the evidence
An EAP programme replaces an academic reading-and-writing assignment with a general English multiple-choice test, even though its learning objective is to produce source-based academic writing. The new test may fail to measure the intended ability, threatening this assessment principle.
construct validity
A researcher cites two different articles by the same author, both published in 2025, as (Taylor, 2025) and (Taylor, 2025).
(Taylor, 2025a) and (Taylor, 2025b)
Assign lowercase letters to the years, consistent with the ordering of the works in the reference list