Engineering Basics
What is the RMS value of a sinusoidal signal with peak value Vm?
ANS: Vm / √2
What is the Hamming distance?
Number of bit positions in which two code words differ.
What is time complexity of binary search?
Ans: O(log n)
What is aliasing and how can it be prevented?
Ans: Overlapping of spectra due to under sampling; prevented by sampling above Nyquist rate and anti-aliasing filter
If a signal has bandwidth 5 kHz, what is minimum sampling frequency?
Ans: 10 kHz
hat happens to power in a purely inductive circuit?
Ans: Average power is zero.
How many address lines are required to access 1MB memory?
Ans: 20 lines
What is recursion?
Ans: A function calling itself.
What is SNR?
Ans: Ratio of signal power to noise power.
What is a microservice architecture?
Ans: Application built as small independent services.
State Thevenin’s Theorem.
Ans: Any linear circuit can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source and series resistance.
What is race-around condition and how is it avoided?
Ans: Continuous toggling in JK FF; avoided using master-slave FF or edge triggering.
What is the difference between stack and heap memory?
Ans: Stack is automatic memory; heap is dynamic memory allocation.
What is multiplexing?
Ans: Combining multiple signals into one channel.
What is the function of a firewall?
Ans: To protect network from unauthorized access.
What is resonance condition in RLC circuit?
Ans: XL = XC
What is the main advantage of synchronous counters over asynchronous counters?
Ans: Reduced propagation delay.
What is the purpose of virtual memory?
Ans: To extend physical memory using secondary storage.
What is difference between BPSK and QPSK?
Ans: BPSK uses 2 phase states; QPSK uses 4 phase states.
What is blockchain?
Ans: Distributed digital ledger technology.
What is the efficiency of an ideal transformer?
Ans: 100%
What is setup time in flip-flops?
Ans: Minimum time input must be stable before clock edge.
What does segmentation fault indicate?
Ans: Illegal memory access.
State Shannon Capacity formula.
Ans: C = B log₂(1 + SNR)
What is the difference between AI and Machine Learning?
Ans: AI is broad concept; ML is subset where systems learn from data.