Education Debt
The common term for disparities in standardized test scores between students of different races.
What is the achievement gap?
This type of racism is more covert and hidden than the overt racism of the past.
What is the "New Racism"?
The process where school give race meaning through policies, curriculum, and daily practices.
What is racialization in schooling?
Research highlights the instrumental role of this in the academic achievement and resilience of students of Color.
What is a positive racial identity?
The ability to name and examine the effects of structural racism.
What is racial literacy?
The four components of the education debt, according to Ladson-Billings (Achievement Gap article).
What are historical, economic, sociopolitical, and moral?
Inequitable policies are masked as the solution to racism, but are in themselves discriminatory.
What is "antiracist" racism?
Harsh discipline or policing of black students
What is fast violence in schooling?
A teacher's ability to do this is a primary component in developing students' racial literacy.
What is understand and discuss racism?
Theories that suggest children of color are victims of pathological lifestyles that hinder their schooling.
What are cultural deficit theories?
Ladson-Billings argues focusing on the achievement gap is like focusing on this, instead of the larger national debt.
What is the national budget deficit?
The avoidance, silence, or invisibilization of racism.
Evaded Racism
long term harm such as underfunding schools or erasing black history
What is slow violence in schooling?
The 1968 movement where Black parents in a New York neighborhood exercised control over their local public schools.
What was the Ocean Hill-Brownsville community control movement?
The belief that success is always the product of individual effort, often ignoring systemic barriers.
What is meritocracy?
An example of a historical debt where enslaved Africans' labor profited Northern industrialists who already had access to education.
What is the connection between cotton, New England mills, and public schooling?
Discrimination that is experienced on a micro level, and thus goes unrecognized or seen as insignificant.
Everyday Racism
When a school or organization includes one or few people of color just to look diverse, but does not make real changes to challenge racism or inequality.
What is tokenism?
Lee et al. note that Asian immigrants created these to counter assimilation and preserve their language and culture.
What are supplementary/language schools?
The grouping of distinct Asian ethnic groups into one monolithic category.
What is panethnic lumping?
This is the disparity between what we know is right and what we actually do, representing a component of the education debt.
What is the moral debt?
Under "Antiracist" racism, it's the assertion that racial differences no longer matter. They are no longer seen.
What is Colorblind racism?
Having democratic classrooms where all students voices are heard and valued
What is the goal of Lee and Hooks vision of education?
Some Asian American students embrace a panethnic identity as a unifying force and a defense against this.
What is racism?
The process described by Ghaffar-Kucher where a group's religious identity becomes the primary lens through which they are understood and marginalized.
What is religification?