The Lower Limb
Type of fracture were repetitive loading causes bone deformation, creating microfractures. Associated with low bone mineral density.
What is a stress fracture?
A type of focal hemorrhage that occurs commonly from skull fractures in the temporal bone and damage to the middle meningeal artery. There is a biconvex acute hemorrhagic mass seen on CTH.
What is an epidural hematoma?
The two muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve that help flex the elbow
What are brachialis and biceps brachii?
This feature separates neurologically complete SCI from neurologically incomplete SCI
What is sacral sparing?
Chronic, inflammatory rheumatic disorder of axial skeleton affecting SI joint and the spine, +HLA B27 in ~90%. One of the hallmark of this disease is bilateral sacroillitis
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Most common location for stress fractures
What is the tibia?
A type of injury due to the disruption of axons from acceleration-deceleration and rotational forces that cause shearing on impact
What is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?
Elbow disorder that is caused by repetitive valgus stress to the elbow, resulting in inflammation and recurrent microtrauma over the common flexor tendon origin. Commonly seen in athletes such as baseball pitchers and golfers. Pain may be reproduced with resisted wrist flexion and pronation.
What is medial epicondylitis?
The vertebral level at which the terminal portion of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) terminates
What is the L2 level?
The 4 major seronegative spondyloarthropathies
What is reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter's syndrome), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and IBD arthritis?
Aside from bone spurs, these two foot conditions have been associated with plantar fasciitis
What are pes cavus (high arch) and pes planus (flat foot)?
A disorder of consciousness characterized by resumption of sleep-wake cycle on EEG, but the patient has no awareness of self or environment and no purposeful behavior.
What is the vegetative state?
This muscle is innervated by the radial nerve and helps with elbow flexion
What is the brachioradialis?
The ASIA impairment scale of a SCI patient with motor function preserved below the neurological level, and more than half of the key muscles below that neurological level have a muscle grade below 3
What is AIS C?
Progressive chronic disease with fibrosis-like changes in the skin and epithelial tissues of affected organs, associated with Raynaud's phenomenon
What is scleroderma?
The two muscles that act as both plantar flexors AND foot evertors
What are peroneus longus and peroneus brevis?
The GCS score range associated with severe TBI
What are GCS 3 to 8?
An abnormal fibrous contracture of the palmar fascia, causing flexion contracture at the MCP and PIP joints. Associated with alcoholism, diabetes, epilepsy, and pulmonary TB.
What is Dupuytren's contracture?
The spinal pathway responsible for transmitting pain and temperature from the contralateral side of the body
What is the lateral spinothalamic tract?
Systemic chronic disease due to noncaseating granulomas that can affect any organ system. Clinical features can include pulmonary pathology, hilar adenopathy, fever, weight loss, and polyarthritis
What is sarcoidosis?
DAILY DOUBLE
The two main muscles that act as both ankle dorsiflexors AND foot invertors
What are tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus?
A cause of hyponatremia in TBI patients due to volume depletion secondary to sodium loss in the urine
What is cerebral salt wasting syndrome?
Syndrome that compromises the integrity of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, leading to medial forearm aching pain with paresthesias radiating distally to the 4th and 5th digits. Associated with positive Tinel's sign at the elbow (but not at the wrist).
What is cubital tunnel syndrome?
The artery that provides the major blood supply to the lumbar and sacral cord (the lower 2/3 of the spinal cord)
What is the artery of Adamkiewicz?
A test used to detect limitation of forward flexion and hyperextension of the lumbar spine, such as in ankylosing spondylitis. Specifically, while patient is standing erect, one places a landmark at the midline point at 5 cm below iliac crest and another point 10 cm above iliac crest. On forward flexion, the line should normally increase by >5 cm
What is Schober's test?