Marx and Engels's Historical Context
This economic and social upheaval in the 19th century, marked by rapid industrialization and urbanization, shaped Marx and Engels’s critique of capitalism.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
Marx’s thought was deeply influenced by this German philosopher’s dialectical method, though he rejected his idealism in favor of materialism. In Marxist theory, history progresses through conflicts between these two broad social classes.
Who is G.W.F. Hegel?
The Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the overthrow of this ruling dynasty.
What is the Romanov dynasty?
Freud was born in this European empire, in what is now the modern-day Czech Republic.
What is the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
Freud argued that dreams are primarily expressions of this kind of unfulfilled desire.
What is wish fulfillment?
Published in 1848, this political pamphlet by Marx and Engels called for the proletariat to unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
What is The Communist Manifesto?
According to Marx, this economic system is defined by private ownership of the means of production and the exploitation of labor.
What is capitalism?
The Bolsheviks, led by this revolutionary, seized power in October 1917.
Who is Vladimir Lenin?
Freud collaborated with this Viennese physician on early studies of hysteria, leading to the development of psychoanalytic theory.
Who is Josef Breuer?
Freud’s self-analysis in Chapter 2 focuses on a dream in which he examines the throat of this patient, who had complained of health problems.
Who is Irma?
Marx spent much of his life in this European capital, where he worked in the country's national library researching Das Kapital.
What is London?
Marx argued that workers are separated from the products of their labor in this key concept, a hallmark of capitalist society.
What is alienation?
As Lenin’s right-hand man, this Bolshevik leader played a key role in organizing the Red Army and implementing War Communism during the Russian Civil War.
Who is Leon Trotsky?
Freud was trained as a physician in this field, which deals with the nervous system and mental disorders.
What is neurology?
In the dream, Freud is relieved to discover that Irma’s illness was not caused by his treatment but by this medical mishap.
What is an unclean injection?
Before co-authoring The Communist Manifesto, Engels wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on his observations in this industrial city.
What is Manchester?
This term describes the false consciousness that prevents workers from recognizing their exploitation and acting against it.
What is ideology?
This treaty, signed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, ended Russia’s involvement in World War I, fulfilling Lenin’s promise of "Bread, Land, and Peace" but at the cost of vast territorial concessions to Germany.
What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Freud’s early work with this French physician introduced him to the study of hysteria and hypnosis.
Who is Jean-Martin Charcot?
In analyzing the "Irma’s Injection" dream, Freud recognized that his feeling of relief at not being responsible for Irma’s condition demonstrated this key psychoanalytic concept, in which a person attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
What is projection?
This radical workers' uprising in France in 1871 led Marx to refine his theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, arguing that the working class could only hold power through force.
What is the Paris Commune?
In Das Kapital, Marx outlined this process by which capitalists extract surplus value from workers’ labor.
What is exploitation?
In 1921, Lenin introduced this economic policy, which allowed some private enterprise while maintaining state control over key industries.
What is the New Economic Policy (NEP)?
This 1895 work, co-written with Josef Breuer, laid the groundwork for Freud’s later theory of psychoanalysis.
What is Studies on Hysteria?
Freud identifies several key mechanisms of dream formation, including this one, where multiple ideas are merged into a single dream image.
What is condensation?