Isabella of Castile
Ferdinand II from Aragon
Why did King Henry start the Church of England?
Because he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but could not obtain an annulment from the Catholic Church. As a result, he created the Church of England making himself the supreme ruler using the 'Oath of Supremacy' to establish his kingship trumping Papal authority over his countrymen.
Which year did Martin Luther pin his 95 theses against the Catholic Church onto a castle church in Germany?
1517
A lawyer.
When was the Printing Press invented?
1450
Who came to Isabel and Ferdinand with plans to find a trade route to the East Indies and why did Isabel approve of this mission?
-Christopher Columbus
-She was impressed by his Faith and desire to bring the Faith to new lands.
Early in his life, King Henry wrote 'In defence of the Seven Sacraments' to help the Catholic Church combat Luther's Protestant ideas. The Church bestowed this title upon him ...
Defender of the Faith
What was Martin Luther's religious office before he started the Revolt against the Catholic Church?
He was an Augustinian Monk
Why did Thomas More resign from his post as the Chancellor? Did his family and friends agree with him?
-He did not agree with the King's decision to annul his marriage to the true queen of England, Catherine of Aragon. He also did not want to sign the Oath of Supremacy as he believed it was heretical to overrule the Pope's authority by making King Henry the supreme head of the Church of England.
-His family and friends initially did not agree, wishing him to keep his post and take the oath to save his life. But eventually his family understood his wishes to stay loyal to God and obeyed his convictions to follow his conscience.
In which year was the Act of Supremacy (which made King Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England) conceived?
1534
Name three achievements that Isabel managed in her lifetime.
-Uniting Spain by bringing the smaller kingdoms together
-Finishing the Reconquistas - defeating the Moslems in Grenada
-Lowering crime and creating a justice system
-Making Spain a Catholic Country - upholding the values of Christiandom and enabling the Golden Age of Spain to prosper
-Enacting justice with the Inquisition method of trial
-Funded Columbus to explore the New Worlds
What was the dissolution of Monasteries? Why were monasteries so important?
-When King Henry became the head of the Church of England, he was influenced by his advisors to destroy monasteries around the country and distribute those repositories of faith, education and charity to noblemen that supported Henry.
-Monasteries were peaceful places of worship, of prayer, almsgiving and preservation of tradition of the Catholic Church handed down by the Church Fathers from the Age of Antiquity through the Middle Ages.
Name one thing that Martin Luther did not accept about the Catholic Church.
1. The 'selling of indulgences' which was a falsely accused of the Catholic Church through various scandals at the time.
2. He thought Christians should interpret the Bible with their own conscience - without the need for the Church's traditional teaching and the Magesterium (authority of the hierarchy of the church)
3. He rejected the Catholic's notion of salvation inserting that if one believed in Jesus Christ, it was enough to be saved.
Name three Thomas's who were involved with King Henry's rule and what their motivations were in the English Reformation.
Thomas Cromwell - wanted the position of Chancellor and all the power and wealth that came with this title. He supported King Henry's split from the Catholic Church.
Thomas Howard - was a politician who wished to submit to the King's wishes, bringing on the Reformation in England.
Thomas More - Wanted England to remain a Catholic nation, stayed loyal to the Catholic Church
Name one historical figure and how they were a strong example of Faith in the face of the religious revolts of the 16th century.
Isabel of Castile, Sir Thomas More, Bishop John Fisher, King Charles the V, Queen Catherine of Aragon, St. Edmund Campion,
Isabel was called 'The Catholic' queen. Name 2 ways that Isabel tried to preserve the Faith in Spain.
1. They tried to keep peace and set up a justice system with the Santa Hermanidad (Holy Brotherhood)
2. They enforced the Inquisition to ward of any Moors or Moslems that acted as traitors or spies within the country
3. They protected the people against Moslem expansion, uniting Grenada to the rest of Spain
4. She cared for her people, personally listening to their grievances, rallying their support and sometimes pawning her own jewellery to raise money for the army which protected her people.
Briefly describe the life of King Henry VIII and describe why he was a key figure in the history of the 16th century and how this affects us today.
-A Tudor ruler from the 16th century, he started of as a bright young man, inheriting the throne as a Catholic wishing to defend the Faith. His first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, a Catholic queen who wanted to honour her marriage and duty as monarchs of England. He was sporty, musical, intellectual and a match for Catherine. However, he became unsatisfied with Catherine for not being able to produce a male heir for him. Wishing to annul the marriage, he appeals to the Pope - this is rejected. He then splits from the Catholic Church and makes himself King of the Church of England essentially starting the Protestant branch of Anglicanism. He goes on to marry another 5 wives, only one bears him a sickly male heir. He executes good friends like Thomas More and court men whom he later suspects like Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Howard. He turns bitter and resentful and eventually passes away from Syphilis, obesity and poor health at the age of 55.
-He was a key figure in history because he split from the Church and made England a Protestant country from that point forth. England is still predominantly Anglican. Many souls are still separated from the one and true Catholic Church the ark of salvation for souls.
How did Martin Luther spread his message to people all around Europe and what did he do with his version of the Bible?
-He used the Gutenberg Printing Press to print his message and distribute all over Europe
-He printed the Bible and took about books that didn't support his views e.g. the Book of Maccabees, the Book of Tobit or books that referenced purgatory or praying for souls in purgatory.
What is the famous line that Thomas More exclaims before he is beheaded? What is significant about this line?
"I die the king's good servant, but God's first"
Whilst the rest of Europe were battling the Protestant Reformation, Spain was enjoying a 'Golden Age'. What is meant by a Golden Age and how did this come about?
The Golden Age of Spain were years of flourishment in the field of science, art, literature, and culture. Spain was the leading intellectual capital at this high point and many scholars from all around Europe came to study here.
This was brought about by Isabel and Ferdinand's Catholic rule in - ending civil war, restoring order and justice, completing the Reconquista, reforming the Church with the Inquisition etc. They brought peace and prosperity to Spain allowing the nation to expend its resources on ideas, inventions and discoveries of the new world and evangelisation.
Give 2 objections that people often have about the Inquisition and rebut them.
1. The Inquisition was cruel using torture and killing innocents.
Rebut: Only those who had a strong case for being enemies of the Church and country were executed after they were found unrepentant. Torture was discouraged after the Church appointed Tomas de Torquemada (Dominican monk) as the Grand Inquisitor who made sure: procedures were lenient and fair, with improved conditions in prisons and money was given to families of those on trial.
2. The Inquisition killed many people
Rebut: Overall, there were 2000 people who were killed which is a small percentage of the 100,000 that were put on trial. Witch trials would later be held in other parts of Europe which Spain rejected (more than 30,000 in England and 100,000 in Germany were killed using the flimsiest evidence or at times there was no evidence)
3. That the method of execution (burning at the stake) was cruel.
Rebut: This was not as barbaric as the other forms of the death penalty at the time e.g. hanged, drawn and quartered, boiling alive etc. It was a just system that many criminals preferred to be transferred to because they were treated better.
Name 3 of Henry's wives and explain what happened to them e.g. executed, divorced, allowed to live etc.
1. Catherine of Aragon - divorced, put in isolation
2. Anne Boleyn - a passionate romance that fizzled out, executed for treason and adultery charges
3. Jane Seymore - died shortly after childbirth (one male heir, Edward)
4. Anne of Cleves - unsatisfied with her appearance, King Henry annuls the marriage, she outlives the King
5. Catherine Howard - A short-lived romance, executed for adultery
6. Catherine Parr - Pushed for Protestantism, died shortly after King Henry's death.
Martin Luther believed that when one believes in Jesus Christ, it is enough to be saved and go to heaven. Why is it dangerous for souls to believe this Protestant view?
-The Catholic understanding is that Jesus's Passion and Resurrection, his sacrifice on the cross, is an eternal act that earns salvific grace for us. Grace enables us to walk the path of virtue and merit heaven. Any action performed in a state of grace (not in mortal sin) and united to Christ was meritorious. Through these actions the person grows holier and earns more grace, eventually meriting the kingdom of Heaven as promised to those who imitate Christ.
THEREFORE: Luther believed that man was inherently evil and that there is nothing he could to do earn grace and save himself. He must rely solely on Jesus's sacrifice and this belief alone is enough. The danger lies in the inaction of the person, continuing to live in sin (as Luther exclaims at one point "Be a sinner, sin on bravely") without submitting to the will of God, doing all to please Him and practicing any virtue or repentance to merit eternal life.
Explain why Thomas More is a saint and martyr of the 16th century? Described as a 'Man for all Seasons' - what does this say about his character?
-He stayed true to his faith, the One and True Catholic Church, defending the Papacy by not submitting to the Oath of Supremacy which gave support to King Henry as the supreme head of the Church of England. He was willing to die rather than submit to a heresy - this made him a martyr.
-Thomas More is a strong character of nobility, virtue and unrighteousness. Choosing to follow his conscience, what he knew to be lawful to God, over the pressures of State and earthly authority, Thomas was able to stand strong in every season of hardship in life thus making him a 'man for all seasons'.
Christopher Columbus wanted to discover the trade routes to the West Indies. Instead, he discovered ...
The Americas, making four trips through the Atlantic Ocean.