The Nervous System
Which division of the nervous system regulates the functioning of organs and glands?
Autonomic nervous system
Stress is considered a ___________________ process
Psychobiological
Name the two behaviourist approaches to learning
Classical and operant conditioning
Name an example of learning that falls under the socio-cognitive approach
Observational Learning
Name one of the 8 ways of learning
Story sharing, learning maps, non-verbal, symbols and images, land links, non-linear, deconstruct/reconstruct, community links
What are the three functions of the nervous system?
Receive sensory information, process the information and coordinate a motor response
Adrenaline is released during _______ stress, whereas cortisol is released during ________ stress.
Acute, chronic
This type of consequence involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus in order to reduce an unwanted behaviour.
Negative punishment
Name the steps of observational learning in order
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement
Name the four features of learning from an Aboriginal perspective
A system of knowledge, embedded in relationships, patterned on Country and multimodal
It will have an excitatory effect/make it more likely to fire
Explain why long term high levels of cortisol can lead to illness.
Because cortisol suppresses the immune system
In classical conditioning, why is the learner considered passive?
Because they do not have conscious control over the unconditioned response
Name three factors that influence a learners attention to a model
Why are Aboriginal cultures considered to be "oral cultures"?
Because information is passed down through stories, dance and song rather than written words
Distinguish between LTD and pruning.
LTD involves the long-term weakening of synaptic connections due to lack of activation, whereas pruning involves the elimination of disused synaptic connections.
Distinguish between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal
Primary appraisal involves evaluating the significance of the stressor, whereas secondary appraisal involves evaluating available resources to cope
Identify one factor that influences learning by classical conditioning and explain its importance in the classical conditioning process.
Examples: order of presentation/timining of the NS and UCS pairing/response must be reflexive
Explain why some people could pay close attention to a gymnastics routine and retain all the steps but be unable to demonstrate their learning.
Gymnastics is a complicated set of actions and if the model does not have the ability to attempt the routine, they will be unable to fully demonstrate their learning
When Naomi was twelve, she would walk her little sister Meredith into town to collect their shopping. As they walked, Naomi would point out aspects of the land and explain how they came to be that way. Meredith asked how Naomi knew so much about the world and she explained that her mum used to tell her the same stories as they would walk to the shops together.
Naomi’s learnt knowledge has been embedded in _____ where Naomi is part of a system of knowledge patterned on _____.
Relationships, Country
Outline the process of neural communication at the synapse using GABA as an example (hint: three steps)
1. GABA is released by the terminal buttons/axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
2. GABA crosses the synaptic gap and binds with a receptor site on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
3. GABA has its inhibitory effect and prevents the postsynaptic neuron from firing.
A dingo might run away in the face of danger, whereas a mouse might stand completely still. With reference to the fight-or-flight-or-freeze response, explain how both of these actions are adaptive.
The dingo is demonstrating a flight response.This will help increase its chance of survival as it can escape from the threat because it is fast.
The mouse is demonstrating a freeze response. A mouse is unlikely to be able to fight or run away from the threats it is exposed to. Therefore, a freeze response, may decrease the chance of detection and attack
Mo, the seven-month-old pug, has just learned to wait at the edge of a road before crossing when her owner gives her the command ‘wait’ and does not cross until given the command ‘go’. Her owner used treats for the first few weeks of training and now Mo waits every time she gets to a road crossing on her daily walks without a treat. Apply the ABC model
A - Hearing the command "wait"
B - Not crossing the road until command is given
C - Getting a treat (positive reinforcement)
Nicole wants to learn how to play guitar so that she can perform at her family’s Christmas gathering next year. She downloads a ‘learn to play guitar’ app and follows along with the instructional videos.
Name and describe the processes of observational learning that will enable Nicole to learn to play the guitar
Attention – Nicole needs to closely watch the instructional videos.
Retention – Nicole will need to store a mental representation of the actions required to play the guitar.
Reproduction – Nicole will need to try to reproduce the actions in the instructional video (by attempting to play the guitar).
Motivation – Nicole already has the motivation as she wants to learn how to play guitar for her family’s Christmas gathering.
Reinforcement – As Nicole starts to be able to play the guitar, she will be self-reinforced.
Explain how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing and learning are similar to observational learning
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people ‘model’ their learning and ways of knowing to the younger generations, who in turn replicate these. This is similar to observational learning, where a model is attended to and the learner reproduces the actions they have retained.