Deviance and Crime Vocabulary
Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations.
What are norms?
This theory argues that minor acts of deviance lead to a spiral of crime and social decay.
What is broken windows theory?
This federal law enforcement program provided training for targeting alleged drug trafficking criminals
What is Operation Pipeline?
The system of racial segregation established in South Africa.
What is apartheid?
The use of scientific research or data to justify or reify beliefs about the superiority or inferiority of particular racial groups.
What is scientific racism?
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society.
What is deviance?
A theory developed by Edwin H. Sutherland that argues that criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime.
What is differential association theory?
This Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of warrantless searches of vehicles if law enforcement has probable cause to believe the vehicle holds criminal evidence
What is California v. Acevedo?
The transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object.
What is displacement?
Forms of thought and/or practice that seek to confront, eradicate, and/or ameliorate racism.
What is antiracism?
A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority.
What is a deviant subculture?
A theoretical approach that suggests that people become deviant because political authorities and others perceive their behavior as deviant.
What is labeling theory?
This Supreme Court case ruled that law enforcement is permitted to search civilians in confined spaces (such as a bus), even if such circumstances are perceived as coercive or intimidating
What is Florida v. Bostick?
A system of advantage based on race.
What is racism, according to David Wellman?
A model of ethnic relations in which ethnic cultures exist separately yet participate in the larger society's economic and political life.
What is pluralism?
Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power.
What are laws?
This theory argues that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature.
What is conflict theory?
This Supreme Court case ruled that "stop and frisk" tactics were permissible if an officer had reasonable suspicion that the accused had or was committing a crime
What is Terry v. Ohio?
Patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions.
What is institutional racism?
Sociological theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and factors that deter it.
What is control theory?
A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.
What is a sanction?
According to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant.
What is primary deviation?
This Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of pre-text traffic stops in the enforcement of anti-drug laws.
What is Whren v. United States?
A theory of race that holds that race is a social convention that various political forces try to interpret to their own advantage
What is the theory of racial formation?
A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim to refer to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.
What is anomie?