Cellular Function
what are the two major types of neoplasms
what is benign and malignant
what are the three stages of the general adaptation system?
what is alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
what is the most common cause of mononucleosis?
what is the Epstein-Barr virus
What are pericarditis and endocarditis? What causes each?
pericarditis is caused by viral infection and is the inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart. Endocarditis is caused by bacterial infections and is an infection of the inner layers/valves of the heart.
what are the five types of pain?
what are the 5 types of cellular adaptation
what is atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia
name the four types of hypersensitivities.
type 1-igE mediated, type 2-cytotoxic, type 3- 3-immune complex, type 4-cellular
what are the most common types of lymphomas? What is the most notable type of cell in one of them?
What is Hodgkin's (Reed-Sternberg cells) and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
what are the three types of cardiomyopathies? Describe them.
dilated (enlarged and weakened ventricles; most common in children), hypertrophic (stiff ventricle walls; can be acquired from sedentary lifestyle)
Describe each type of pain.
Somatic-easy to pinpoint, Visceral- difficult to pinpoint and refers to the organs, phantom-after the removal of a body part, intractable-does not usually respond to medications, neuropathic-peripheral nerve damage, and is considered chronic and intractable
What type of disorder is PKU and Tay-Sachs? When do you screen for PKU? What population is largely affected by Tay-Sachs
what is autosomal recessive, at birth, and jewish
What is the difference between passive and active acquired immunity?
passive-immunity gained outside of the antibodies produced in our body and produced by someone else (breastfeeding transference); active-immunity gained by actively interacting with the antigen (getting chicken-pox or the vaccine)
Name the four types of leukemia. Which type affects a different population?
What is acute lymphoblastic (children), acute myeloid, chronic lymphoid, and chronic myeloid
Name the steps of blood flow and electrical conduction through the heart.
The blood first enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.
It then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
The blood then moves through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs where it takes up oxygen.
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium.
The blood then moves through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle then pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.
From the aorta, the blood is transported through the network of blood vessels, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and taking carbon dioxide and wastes from tissues.
electrical conduction (SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers)
What are the s/s of a Myocardial Infarction?
unstable angina, n/v, SOB, coughing, diaphoresis, indigestion, EKG changes, dysrhythmias, syncope, dizziness
What are the two most prominent examples of autosomal dominant disorders and what is a manifestation of each?
what is Marfan's syndrome (lens displacement, aortic defects, sternum defects) and Neurofibromatosis (chronic pain, weakness, bowel and bladder dysfunction)
What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
cellular- composed of T-cells that mature in the thymus and bind to the antigen to trigger a response by other immune cells; humoral- composed of B-cells that mature in the bone marrow and become either Ig antibody cells or memory cells
What are the six types of anemia? Name a prominent feature of each?
what is iron-deficiency (low iron), pernicious (low vitamin B12), aplastic (pancytopenia), hemolytic (excessive hemolysis), sickle cell (sickle-shaped erythrocytes), thalassemia (lack of alpha or beta globin)
name the differences between right and left sided heart failure.
right-fatigue, ascites, edema, increased nocturia, weight gain JVD
left-coughing, SOB, dyspnea, crackles, cyanosis, fatigue
what is shock?
inadequate tissue and organ perfusion caused by inadequate pumping of the heart, vascular issue, or insufficient blood volume. Comes with three stages: compensatory (Sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system kick in), progressive (compensatory mechanisms fail. Hypoxia and acidosis kick in), and irreversible (organ damage)
Name the three most prominent chromosomal disorders and a manifestation of each.
What is trisomy 21 (distinctive facial features), Monosomy X (short stature, broad chest with wide nipples, webbed neck, lymphedema), Polysomy X (sparse facial and body hair, gynecomastia, long legs with a short trunk)
what are the different types of transplant reactions?
hyperacute, acute, chronic
hyperacute-happens immediately up to three days, tissue turns necrotic
acute-4 days to 3 months, inflammation, redness, swelling around transplant site
chronic-4 months or greater, lack of immunosuppressants, there is an antibody-mediated immune response
what are the most prominent diseases of the platelets (3)? Describe them.
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (immune based. not able to clot since the immune system destroys the platelets), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (using all of the clotting factors then bleeding), Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (not immune based. fibrin and loose strands of platelets are deposited in vessels that damage the passing platelets)
what is the difference between thrombi and emboli? what is the difference between arterial and venous?
thrombi-blood clot comprised of fibrin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets; emboli-a portion of the thrombus breaks off and circulates through the body; venous-present pedal pulse, red skin, warm, with edema; arterial-weak pedal pulse, cyanotic and cool skin with minimal edema
extra: describe Lupus
Lupus-chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that is more common in women. Must have 10/22 manifestations to be diagnosed along with a positive ANA test. Manifestations include a butterfly skin rash, polyarthritis, myalgia, anemia, etc.