Matter
The combination of observation, experimentation, and the formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories.
scientific method
The total mass of substances present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of substances before the reaction.
law of conservation of mass
Made up of discrete units called molecules, which typically consist of a small number of nonmetal atoms held together by covalent bonds.
molecular compound
Processes in which one or more starting substances, the reactants, form one or more new substances, the products
Chemical reactions
Some reactions in aqueous solution involve the combination of ions to yield a water-insoluble solid
precipitate
The ability (or inability) of a sample of matter to undergo a change in composition under stated conditions.
chemical property
All samples of a compound have the same composition—the same proportions by mass of the constituent elements.
law of constant composition, or the law of definite proportions:
Made up of positive and negative ions joined together by electrostatic forces of attraction
ionic compound
Comprises quantitative relationships based on atomic and molecular masses, chemical formulas, balanced chemical equations, and related matters.
Stoichiometry
Solutes in aqueous solution are characterized as ______________, which do not produce ions, or ______________, which produce ions
Nonelectrolytes & Electrolytes
The scientific system of measurement
Système Internationale d’Unités (International System of Units)
If two elements form more than a single compound, the masses of one element combined with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
law of multiple proportions
The mass in atomic mass units of a formula unit of an ionic compound
formula mass
The reactant that is completely consumed determines the amount of product formed and is called
limiting reactant
Ionic compounds produce ions by __________ whereas molecular compounds produce ions via ____________.
Dissociation & ionization
May vary because the acceleration caused by gravity (g) varies slightly from one point on Earth to another.
weight (W)
The number of protons in a given atom
atomic number, or the proton number, Z
Contain only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
When the actual yield equals the theoretical yield, the percent yield is ?
100%
An equation that includes only the actual participants in a reaction, with each participant denoted by the symbol or formula that best represents it.
net ionic equation
The interval on the Kelvin scale, called a kelvin, is the same size as the?
Celsius degree
The “number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, and so on)” in a mole is
Avogadro constant
Compounds formed by the elements carbon and hydrogen, often together with a few other elements, such as oxygen and nitrogen
organic compounds
Reflects the true quantitative relationships between reactants and products
Balanced chemical equation
For a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the gas volume is inversely proportional to the gas pressure.
Boyle’s law.