Fall Midterm Review

Macromolecules

100

Name the monomer of proteins

_{***DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Must answer the first question correctly before we move to DJ.}

Name the monomer of all 4 macromolecules.

Amino Acids

_{***DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Must answer the first question correctly before we move to DJ.}

Carbohydrates --> monosaccharides; Lipids --> glycerol & fatty acids; Proteins --> amino acids; Nucleic Acids --> nucleotides

200

What macromolecule is below? 

_{**DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Only answer if already answered the first question correctly.}

What exact molecule is shown below?

Carbohydrate (only CHO elements & has a ring structure)

_{***DOUBLE JEOPARDY:} 

Glucose

300

What structure do you see in carbohydrates?

_{***DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Must answer the first question correctly before we move to DJ.}

Name visual clues to identify each macromolecule. 

"Ring" structure (carbohydrates)

_{***DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Must answer the first question correctly before we move to DJ.}

Shaped like an "E" (lipids)

Contains an R group (proteins)

Contains phosphorus/a phosphate group (nucleic acids)

400

Identify this macromolecule:

Nucleic acid (note the phosphorus in the molecule)

500

What macromolecule should a polar bear build up for winter?

Lipids which provide insulation and store energy

Macro 2.0

100

The DHS soccer team is playing against Mill Creek tomorrow & needs to be energized. What macromolecule should they get plenty of in their dinner before the game?

carbohydrates - responsible for quick energy

200

Which macromolecule stores genetic information?

nucleic acids

300

What macromolecule is shown below?

Lipid

400

A researcher wants to conduct an investigation to determine the effectiveness of an enzyme at various temperatures. Which of the following actions would produce evidence the researcher can use to support their claim?

a. measure the temperature of the enzyme

b. measure the amount of substrate before the reaction happens

c. measure the amount of product once the reaction is finishes

c. measure the amount of product once the reaction is finishes

This tells the researcher how quickly/effectively the product is created

500

During an experiment, the amount of substrate is gradually increased while the amount of enzyme is kept the same. Which of the following graphs would BEST illustrate the results?

B - the rate of reaction initially increases, but levels off/reaches a plateau once all of the enzymes are occupied because more substrates will no longer speed up the reaction 

Cells & Cell Cycle

100

True or false: all cells have ribosomes

True! all cells need proteins to function so they all need ribosomes which produce proteins

200

The cell membrane allows certain substances to easily pass into or out of the cell, but not other substances. Which term applies to this aspect of the cell membrane?

semi-permeable

300

The chloroplast absorbs sunlight and creates glucose, a simple sugar. The ___________ then uses the sugar to create immediately available energy.

Mitochondria

400

Your cells break down waste & remove it from the cell. Which specific organelle is responsible for breaking down waste?

lysosomes

500

Name the 4 major phases of mitosis.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

**Interphase happens BEFORE mitosis, interphase is when the cell is preparing for division and mitosis is when the cell divides

Cells

100

What structure prevents plant cells from exploding?

the cell wall

200

Name 3 differences between plant cells & animal cells

- plant cells have a cell wall

- plant cells have chloroplasts

- plant cells have a large central vacuole, animal cells have multiple small vacuoles

300

How do plant cells/plants get glucose?

_{**DOUBLE JEOPARDY: (only answer once the first question has been answered correctly)}

How do animal cells/animals get glucose?

Plant cells produce glucose via photosynthesis in the chloroplast.

_{**DOUBLE JEOPARDY:}

Animals consume food to get glucose. 

400

Name at least 2 differences betweek PROkaryotes and EUkaryotes

- pro have no nucleus, euk have a nucleus

- pro have no membrane-bound organelles, euk have membrane-bound organelles

- pro are always unicellular, euk can be unicellular OR multicellular

500

The image below shows a theory where prokaryotic cells engulfed each other to form eukaryotic cells. The chloroplast and mitochondria used to be independent cells. What theory is this?

Endosymbiotic theory

Cell Membrane & Size

100

What is the yellow part of the diagram?

**DOUBLE POINTS** What are the black pieces?

The phospholipid head

**Phospholipid tails

200

Cells are small to maximize their ______ ____ to _____ ratio

Cells are small to maximize their *surface area* to *volume* ratio

300

Which cell shape would most efficiently transport nutrients/O2 into the cell & transport waste out of the cell?

Cell B

400

When cells get too big they struggle to: (pick 2)

a - transport nutrients & oxygen (O2) into the cell

b - have space for all organelles

c - maintain their cell membrane

d - remove waste from the cell

A & D

500

What do membrane proteins do? (select 3 answers)

a - transport substances across the membrane

b - to make food for the cell

c - to provide structure for the membrane

d - to act as membrane receptors & cell markers

e - to produce energy for the cell

a, c, & d (transport, structure, receptor/marker)

Transport

100

What does hydrophilic mean?

*FOR DOUBLE POINTS* Is the phospholipid head or are the phospholipid tails hydrophilic?

water-loving

*the phospholipid head

200

What kind of transport is this?

Facilitated Diffusion, the membrane contains a protein channel that helps substances move across the membrane

300

Name the 3 types of passive transport.

*FOR DOUBLE POINTS* - Define all 3

Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

High to low concentration movement of small molecules, high to low concentration movement of water, high to low concentration movement of molecules with help (ex: transport protein)

400

Is dialysis active or passive transport?

Passive Transport

500

What molecule is missing?

ATP, this is active transport so energy is required

Transport 2

100

What does hydrophobic mean?

water-fearing

200

_________ __________ describes how the cell only lets some materials in & some materials out of the cell

selective permeability

300

What is the blue structure called?

A channel protein

400

A sodium-potassium pump functions to pump sodium out of the cell AGAINST the concentration gradient. What type of transport is this?

Active transport, molecules are moving AGAINST (up) the concentration gradient

500

Name the 3 types of active transport.

**DOUBLE POINTS** Define each type.

Simple Active Transport, Exocytosis, Endocytosis

Active transport - the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration with the use of ATP (energy)

EXocytosis - The removal of waste from the cell using a vesicle, waste EXits the cell

ENdocytosis - Substances are brought into the cell where the cell membrane surrounds the material

Tonicity

100

What type of solution was the celery put in?

Hypertonic

200

Fill in the missing boxes using the terms: more, less, equal

HYPOtonic - more solvent, less solute

ISOtonic - equal solvent, equal solute

HYPERtonic - less solvent, more solute

300

What type of solution has cell A been placed in?

Hypotonic

400

What key term describes what happened to the red blood cell?

lyse; lysis - the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

500

What is an experiment that could show the impact of a HYPERtonic solution on an animal cell? What would the researcher see?

**DOUBLE POINTS** Include the use of a HYPOtonic solution in your experiment.

*open response; example: placing an animal cell in a salty solution. The cell would shrivel due to water flowing out of the cell into the salty solution.

**open response; example: placing an animal cell in a pure water solution. The cell would swell and possibly lyse due to water flowing into the cell.

Tonicity 2

100

Can plant cells shrivel or burst?

**FOR DOUBLE POINTS** Why?

No

**The plant cell's cell wall prevents extreme changes in shape such as bursting or shriveling

200

What kind of solution was this plant cell put in?

**DOUBLE POINTS** What is the term to describe what happens to the cell membrane?

Hypertonic

**Plasmolyze

300

The black cells and white cells move using passive transport. What direction(s) will the white molecules move?

**DOUBLE POINTS** What direction(s) 

White cells will diffuse to side A.

**Black cells will move both directions to maintain dynamic homeostasis

400

A dialysis bag is placed in a beaker. Below is the weight of the bag at the start of the experiment and after 30 minutes. Is the solution HYPERtonic or HYPOtonic?

The solution is HYPOtonic. 

500

What is the BAG compared to beaker C?

**DOUBLE POINTS** What is the BAG compared to beaker A & B?

HYPOtonic

**The bag is HYPERtonic to beaker A and ISOtonic to beaker B

Cell Energy

100

What is the type of energy used in photosynthesis?

sunlight (chemical energy)

200

Where do Light Reactions occur in the chloroplast?

^{**DOUBLE JEOPARDY: (only answer if you correctly answered the first part)} 

Where do Dark Reactions/The Calvin Cycle occur in the chloroplast?

Thylakoid Membrane

_{DOUBLE JEOPARDY:}

Stroma

300

Cyanide causes hypoxia by binding to the mitochondria, which prevents cells from using oxygen. Which process cannot occur if someone is poisoned with cyanide?

Cellular respiration

400

What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆  +  6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP 

500

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Sunlight --> C₆H₁₂O₆  +  6O₂