Energy and Enzymes
Metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules and release energy.
What are catabolic-pathways?
This process breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
What is glycolysis?
These flattened membrane sacs inside chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are stacked to form grana.
What are thylakoids?
Structure that forms a watertight seal between epithelial cells, preventing substances from leaking between them.
What is a tight junction?
This process divides the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells after mitosis.
What is cytokinesis?
The law stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.
This type of phosphorylation produces ATP by transferring a phosphate directly from a substrate to ADP.
What is subsrate-level phosphorylation?
This pigment absorbs mainly red and blue light and reflects green light, giving plants their color.
What is chlorophyll?
Plant cell structures that create channels through the cell wall that allow cytoplasm to connect between neighboring cells?
What is a plasmodesmata?
These two identical DNA copies formed after replication are joined at the centromere.
What are sister chromatids?
The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
What is the active site?
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose produces this net number of ATP molecules.
What is 2 ATP?
This process occurs in the chloroplast stroma and uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
What is the Calvin Cycle?
Major protein fiber that is in the extracellular matrix and provides structural support in animal tissues?
The cell cycle phase where chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
What is prophase?
The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
What is activation energy? (Ea)
This process uses a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane to generate ATP through ATP synthase.
What is chemiosmosis?
These pores on plant leaves regulate gas exchange by opening and closing to control CO₂ intake.
What are stomata?
Cell adhesion proteins that are responsible for holding cells together in desmosomes.
What are cadherins?
During this mitosis stage, sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
What is anaphase?
A type of enzyme inhibition in which a molecule similar to the substrate competes for the enzyme’s active site.
What is competitive inhibition?
This anaerobic process regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue when oxygen is unavailable.
What is fermentation?
These two photosystems work together in the light reactions to move electrons and produce ATP and NADPH.
What are Photosystem I and II?
Type of hormone that diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors inside the cell.
What are steroid hormones?
This protein complex composed of a cyclin and a kinase triggers the start of M phase.
What is mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)?