Organelle Jobs!
This organelle contains most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane.
What is the nucleus?
Where is most of the DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the nucleus?
What is the name of the model describing the cell membrane as fluid, with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins?
What is the fluid mosaic model?
A molecule moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy. What general process is occurring?
What is diffusion/passive transport?
What is the first major step of cellular respiration, and where does it occur?
Glycolysis, in the cytosol/cytoplasm
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages materials into transport vesicles.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
mRNA becomes a protein at this cellular structure.
What is the ribosome?
These membrane molecules have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails and form the basic structure of the membrane.
What are phospholipids?
O₂ and CO₂ can cross the membrane directly because they are small and have this type of molecular characteristic.
What is nonpolar?
During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken into how many pyruvate molecules, and what is the net ATP output?
2 pyruvate and 2 ATP net
This organelle has ribosomes attached to its surface and synthesizes and folds proteins.
What is the rough ER?
A protein being synthesized for secretion from the cell would be associated with this type of ER.
What is the rough ER?
This type of membrane protein is permanently embedded in the membrane and spans its width.
What is an integral protein?
A large polar molecule moves from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane protein without using ATP. What type of transport is this?
What is facilitated diffusion?
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is converted into this molecule. Name one other major product of pyruvate oxidation.
Acetyl CoA; another product is CO₂ or NADH
This organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and an acidic environment used to break down macromolecules.
What is the lysosome?
After leaving the ER, a protein is modified, sorted, and packaged into a transport vesicle. Which organelle performs these functions?
What is the Golgi apparatus?
At low temperatures, cholesterol helps prevent the membrane from becoming too rigid. At high temperatures, it helps prevent the membrane from becoming too fluid. What is this overall role called?
What is buffering membrane fluidity?
A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell. Which way does water move, and what happens to the cell?
Water moves out of the cell, and the cell shrivels. The solution is hypertonic
NADH and FADH₂ deliver electrons to this process, which creates an H⁺ gradient that ultimately drives ATP production.
What is the electron transport chain?
A cell has a problem producing ATP from macromolecules. Which organelle is most directly associated with this function?
What is the mitochondria?
Put these in the correct general order for a protein being made and processed:
DNA → ? → ? → ?
Use: ribosome, mRNA, Golgi apparatus
DNA → mRNA → ribosome → Golgi apparatus
Why can a membrane protein interact with both the watery environment and the hydrophobic interior of the membrane?
Because integral proteins are amphipathic: their hydrophilic regions interact with the aqueous spaces while their hydrophobic regions interact with the phospholipid tails.
A sodium/potassium pump uses ATP to move 3 Na⁺ out of the cell and 2 K⁺ into the cell. Why does this require energy?
Because the ions are being moved against their concentration gradients, making this active transport.
A cell does not have oxygen available. It can still perform glycolysis, but it needs another pathway to regenerate NAD⁺. What pathway can accomplish this, and how much ATP does the cell ultimately obtain per glucose through this process?
Fermentation; 2 ATP per glucose.