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Translation
DNA Replication
The Cell Cycle
Anything Goes!
100
The end product of transcription.
What is mRNA strand?
100
Where does translation occur?
What is the ribosome in the cytoplasm?
100
DNA replication is the precursor to what process?
What is cell division?
100
T/F: Another name for the entire cell cycle is Mitosis.
F: Mitosis is only a small portion of the cell cycle.
100
The first sign that cytokinesis is occurring is the
What is the cleavage furrow?
200
Reads the template strand of DNA and inserts the appropriate complementary nucleotide to build the mRNA strand.
What is RNA polymerase?
200
A ribosome reads a series of 3 nucleotides at a time, which is referred to as a:
What is a codon?
200
During replication of the two template strands, one strand replicates continuously, while the other replicates in segments. What are these two strands and which characteristic refers to which strand?
Leading strand - replicates continuously Lagging strand - replicates in segments
200
In preparation for cell division, chromosomes will begin to condense. The DNA will then wrap itself around:
Nucleosomes (histones)
200
The decondensed form of DNA is known as
What is euchromatin?
300
The region of DNA in front of the gene of interest that tells RNA polymerase where to bind.
What is promoter?
300
T/F: An amino acid is coded for by one specific codon.
F: Multiple codons can code for a single amino acid.
300
T/F: DNA replication results in two copies of DNA each with one new and one old strand, a process known as conservative replication.
F: DNA does result in two copies of DNA each possessing a new and old strand. However, this is NOT conservative replication. It is semi-conservative because we only conserve half of the template strand in each DNA molecule.
300
What is the main thing that occurs physically within the cell during the transition from early to late prophase? (Hint: Involves alteration of a specific cell component)
The nuclear envelope dissolves
300
Shortly after fertilization occurs, the zygote divides into two identical cells. What type of cell division has occurred to produce these two cells?
What is mitotic cell division?
400
Name 3 enzymes other than RNA polymerase that are involved in transcription and their function.
1. Gyrase - straightens out the DNA strand 2. Helicase - breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unzips the DNA 3. SSBPs - bind to the backbone of DNA to hold the strands open.
400
In transcription, how is the rate of error reduced and the efficiency of producing the polypeptide chain enhanced?
The attachment of multiple ribosomes to the mRNA strand in order to translate product in sections and then piece them together in a finished product.
400
Name two enzyme that work during DNA replication and their function.
Helicase: Unzips DNA Ligase: Seals together okazaki fragments DNA polymerase: Reads template strand and add corresponding nucleotides.
400
During this phase of the cell cycle, enzymes replicate the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, histones are produced, and chromosomes loosely condense.
S Phase (synthesis)
400
The main structural difference between DNA and RNA is that: (must be very specific)
RNA possesses a hydroxyl (-OH) group on the 2' carbon of its sugar, whereas DNA only possesses a hydrogen. (RNA has the base uracil; DNA has the base thymine)
500
Name and explain three kinds of post-transcriptional modifications that can occur during RNA processing.
1. Intron splicing - Non-coding regions of DNA cleaved out, while exons (coding regions) are kept. 2. Addition of a 5' G-cap to stabilize the mRNA strand. 3. Addition of a poly-A tail to the 3' end of the strand to prevent degradation.
500
Name the three components of the tRNA initiation complex and how each part is important in the translation process.
tRNA molecule - transfers amino acid to mRNA strand Amino acid - carried at terminal end of tRNA in order to be added to polypeptide chain Anticodon - complementary to the codon sequence on the mRNA strand that allows for appropriate Amino Acid to be signaled and taken to the growing peptide strand.
500
You have a piece of DNA whose top template strand reads: 5' ATTGACTAG 3' What would be the corresponding new DNA sequence created from replication of the bottom strand of the original DNA template?
5' ATTGACTAG 3'
500
Name the 4 main stages of mitosis in chronological order.
Prophase --> Metaphase --> Anaphase --> Telophase
500
What type of mutation has occurred below? Original A.A. sequence: Met - Val - Glu - Glu - Ser - STOP Mutated A.A. sequence: Met - Val - STOP - Glu - Ser - STOP
What is nonsense mutation?