Consciousness + Sleep I
According to William James, consciousness consists of personal awareness of what 3 things?
Mental activity
Internal sensations
External environment
What specific type of learning is conditioning (operant or classical)?
Associative learning
What are the 3 main processes involved in memory?
Acquiring, Storing, and Retrieving information.
Name one of the two ways psychoactive drugs affect us.
Altering the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain (increasing/decreasing).
or
Blocking the receptor sites of a certain neurotransmitter.
Who created operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What controls our natural cycles of attention throughout a given day?
Circadian rhythm
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What process is defined as "Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system."
Encoding
Drugs that cause pain reduction and at higher doses feelings of euphoria are...
Opiates
In order for something to be a reinforcer it must ________________ the target behavior.
increase the likelihood of
Name the two types of brain waves associated with being awake/alert.
Alpha (relaxed/drowsy) and Beta (Alert/attentive) Waves
In the case of Pavlov's dog, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
The dog's food
Of the forms of memory we discussed, what is the shortest in duration?
Sensory memory (specifically, visual memory is the shortest).
Depressant
What is the primary difference between a punisher and a reinforcer?
Punishers always seek to decrease the target behavior, reinforcers always seek to increase it.
Which brain waves appear during Stage 1 of your sleep cycle?
Alpha and Theta
Pavlov eventually realized he could also elicit salivation from his dogs by pairing the original conditioned stimulus (the bell) with a NEW neutral stimulus (a light).
What is this called?
Higher-order conditioning
What is the average duration AND capacity (e.g., digit span) of short-term memory?
20 seconds
7 +/- 2 digits
What classification of drug does marijuana fall under?
Depressant AND psychedelic
Removing an unpleasant stimuli in order to increase some behavior is called...
negative reinforcement
During which sleep stage do Sleep Spindles tend to occur?
Stage 2 (NREM)
After a period of extinction conditioned responses often come back for a brief period after they've disappeared with no further conditioning - what is this phenomenon called?
Spontaneous recovery
Your friend asks you for directions to your house but you don't have your phone handy. You begin imagining your normal route home from school - what component of your working memory are you using?
Visuospatial Sketchpad
List three of the symptoms of SUD we discussed
–Development of drug tolerance
–Withdrawal symptoms when sober
–Taking more than intended
–Spending considerable time thinking and planning around future use
–Engaging in high-risk behaviors to gain access to drugs
What is the process of selectively reinforcing small components of a complex behavior in order to work towards the more complex behavior.
Shaping