Show:
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 9
Chapter 8
100
Compare/contrast the relationship between Schema, Assimilation, and Accommodation
Schema is the framework that organizes/interprets new information Assimilation is the interpreting of one's new experience in terms of preexisting schemas Accommodation is adapting one's current schemas to incorporate new information
100
Compare/contrast Sensation and Perception
Sensation: brain receiving sensory signals Perception: brain makes sense of these sensory signals
100
Define each step of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
200
State Jean Piaget's two principles/beliefs regarding cognitive development
1. it is a process of nature vs. nurture 2. it occurs through set stages (is not one continuous progression of change)
200
What is the absolute threshold and the difference threshold?
absolute threshold: minimum level of stimulus intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time difference: minimum difference between two stimuli to detect a difference 50% of the time
200
Define/explain the Two-Word Stage
happens around months, speak in two words sentences, telegraphic speech
200
Automatic processing versus effortful processing
Encode space/time/setting automatically without conscious awareness, for effortful need rehearsal and repetition to commit to storage
300
Name the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget (give a sentence summarizes what happens in each stage)
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational
300
RODS versus CONES
Rods: peripheral retina, black/white/gray, twilight/low light Cones: center of retina, fine detail/color vision, day light/well-lit conditions
300
Explain language acquisition in terms of Nature vs. Nurture
Have an inborn tendency for language/universal grammar but certain language depends on environment exposed to
300
Explicit versus Implicit Memory
Being able to know/declare that you know something, knowing something without conscious awareness
400
State the 3 types of attachment and what variables influence these different styles.
Secure, insecure (anxious ambivalent and avoidant) Temperment, parenting influences (nature vs. nurture)
400
Explain Trichomatic Theory VS. Opponent Process Theory
We have 3 different retinal color receptors for red, green, and blue Opposing retinal color processes enable color vision
400
Go through the stages of language development from newborn to 24 months
Receptive stage Productive stage Babbling Stage One-Word Stage Two-Word Stage Speaking in full sentences
400
What structures processes explicit and implicit memory?
Hippocampus, Cerebellum
500
Name the stages of Kohlberg's morality development and give a summary of what happens in each stage
1. Preconventional morality: avoid punishment/gain rewards 2. Conventional morality: follow social rules/laws 3. Postconventional morality: personally perceived ethical principles
500
Name/explain the grouping principles
Proximity - groups things close together Similarity - group similar items Continuity - perceive continuous patterns Closure - fill in gaps Connectedness - spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected
500
Phonemes vs. Morphemes vs. Words
Smallest unit of sound Smallest meaningful units Meaningful units
500
Give at least 4 reasons discussed in class on how to improve memory
Study repeatedly Study/rehearse for a long time Make material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices Activate retrieval clues Minimize interference