Test 2

Vascular Anatomy

100

What does the term Vasa Vadorum mean?

"Vessels of Vessels"

200

The three major layers of an artery from superficial to deep are _________,_____________, and _______________. The most superficial layer is composed of areolar C.T. commonly known as ___________.

Tunica externa, Tunica Media, Tunica interna (intima), Adventitia.

300

SNS stimulates vascular smooth muscle. Specifically, the layer called the _____________ is directly stimulated by the SNS. This layer consists of _____________ and ___________ fibers.

Tunica Media, Elastic, Smooth Muscle.

400

DAILY DOUBLE!!!! The Internal elastic lamina is part of the _____________ layer of the artery. It consists of __________ and ___________ fibers. Lack of the _____________ fiber specifically causes a disorder called _____________ syndrome.

Tunica Interna, elastin, fibrillin, fibrillin, marfans.

500

Capillary flow regulation is an important part of proper blood flow. ______________ feed into the capilarry bed from the arterial end. ________________ control the flow of blood. Intermittent contraction and relaxation of sphincters within the capillary bed is known as _______________.

Metarterioles, Pre-capillary sphincters, Vasomotion.

Hemodynamics

100

M.A.P. is equal to __________________ and also equal to ____________________. Usually this pressure equals roughly ________ mmHg in a physiologically normal human.

C.O. x R, DBP+1/3(SBP-DBP), 93.

200

The __________ cause resistance. The full equation for resistance is _____________. The three variables of resistance are ______,_________-, and __________.

arterioles, 8nL/(pie)r^4, radius/size of lumen (r), Blood viscosity (n), and vessel length (l).

300

A person with a higher than normal ____________ level, raises that persons BCOP to 30 mmHg. Because of this change, the net filtration pressure at the arteriole end will be ____________.

albumin, (35+1)-(30+0)=6mmHg

400

An Individual has an unusually unproductive lymphatic system, because of this, the individual has a IFHP of 6 mmHg. This would cause the net filtration pressure of the individual at the venous end to be ___________. This would also cause a build up of interstitial fluid in the interstitial space, a condition known as _________.

(16+1)-(26+6)=-16, edema

500

An individual has a rare genetic disorder which the metarterioles to be much smaller than the anatomical norm. This drops their BHP on the arterial end to drop 10 mmHg. Assuming the other pressures are normal, this individuals total net filtration pressure is ___________. This is a ____________ pressure, meaning that fluid is naturally flowing _____________ the capillary.

[(25+1)-(26+0)]+[(16+1)-(26+0)]= (0)+(-9)= -9mmHg, Reabsorption, Into.

Respiratory Anatomy

100

What structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? (Hint: Six)

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (except the respiratory bronchioles).

200

The _____________ facilitates movement of particles back out of the mouth via cilia. ____________ paralyzes the cilia.

Mucous elevator, smoking

300

A clinical method of accessing an airway called a cricothyroidectomy involves puncturing the _____________ or _____________ to allow for a tube to be placed into the trachea.

cricothyroid cartilage or cricotrachael cartilage.

400

The alveolar capillary membrane consists of four diffusion barriers. From superficial to deep, these barriers are ____________, __________,_____________, and ______________. The cells that make up the deepest layer are known as _______________.

endothelium of the capillary (ss epi), basement membrane of capillary, epithelial basement membrane, simple squamous cells, type I pneumocytes.

500

Starting with the trachea, the anatomical pathway to the alveoli is as follows: trachea, __________, lobar bronchi, _________, __________, _________, respiratory bronchioles, ____________, __________, alveoli. The left lung has _________ lobar bronchi and the right lung has __________ lobar bronchi.

Main bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alviolar ducts, alciolar sacs, 2, 3.

Respiratory Physiology

100

_____________ says that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present. __________ states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility. _____________ deals with the pressure gradient of gases and their movement.

Dalton's Law, Henry's law, Fick's Law.

200

What causes oxygen to enter pulmonary capillaries from alveoli and to enter tissue cells from systemic capillaries? What is the pO2 and pCO2 in oxygenated blood compared to deoxygenated blood?

A difference in pO2 promotes oxygen diffusion. pO2 and pCO2 in oxygenated blood is 100mmHg and 40mmHg, while in deoxygenated blood it is 40mmHg and 45mmHg, respectively.

300

Atmospheric pressure is _____________. During inhalation, the intrapleural pressure is ___________. If the intrapleural pressure is not subatmospheric, a medical condition called a ___________ will occur.

760mmHg, 754 mmHg, pneumothorax.

400

septal (type II pneumocytes) produce what substance that help with lung compliance? Specifically, they lower ____________. ___________ is a breathing disorder of premature newborns in which the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of this substance.

surfactant. surface tension. RDS.

500

In the case of COPD patient, many of them constantly have difficulty breathing, a medical term for difficulty breathing is ____________. The problem with these patients is that there alveoli have less contact with the ___________. This causes ____________ cells to release ____________ which causes a permanently inflated alveoli.

Dyspnea, capillary, mast, proteases.

Random

100

Cranial Nerve _________ stimulates the cardiovascular center with signals from the baroreceptors within the carotid sinus while cranial nerve ________ stimulates the cardiovascular center with signals from the baroreceptors within the arch of the aorta.

IX, X

200

Describe External Respiration vs. Internal Respiration.

External= Reverse Cl- shift (CO2 out Cl- out) Internal= Cl- Shift (CO2 in Cl- in)

300

The two respiratory portions of the brain are the ____________ and ___________.

Pons and Medulla.

400

The term __________ is a slight increase in pCO2. This is sensed by the central chemoreceptors in the ________.

hypercapnia, medulla.

500

CO2 readily crosses the BBB and combines with water to form ________________. This dissociates and forms _______ and ___________.

Carbonic Anhydrase, HCO3- and H+