Vocab
A solid mass of minerals or mineral like materials?
Rock
____ form from cooled magma or lava.
Igneous rocks
What is a rock?
Any solid mass of mineral or mineral like matter.
What are foliated metamorphic rocks and how do they form?
-layered or banded appearance
-form under pressure that aligns minerals
Classify metamorphic rocks.
Foliated- layers
Non-foliated- no layers, uniform
_____ is a metamorphic rock with a texture that gives the rock a layered appearance.
foliated metamorphic rock
What is a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gases and crystals.
Magma
What are the 3 major types of rocks?
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
What is the difference between contact and regional metamorphism?
contact-rock changes due to heat from nearby magma
regional-rock changes due to heat and pressure over large areas
What are 3 agents of metamorphism?
Heat
Pressure
Chemical Fluids
What is the process by which sediments are squeezed together by the weight of the overlying materials driving out water?
Compaction
What is magma that reaches earth's surface?
lava
What are the major erosional agents that can pick up, transport, and deposit the products of weathering?
Water
Wind
Ice
Gravity
What features are unique to some sedimentary rocks?
fossils
ripple marks
mud cracks
layers (strata)
Where does most metamorphism take place?
Deep inside Earth's crust
What is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, wind, or ice.
Erosion
_____ igneous rock composed mainly of iron and magnesium-rich minerals.
Basaltic Composition
or
Ultramafic
What are 2 main groups of sedimentary rocks?
1. Chemical Sedimentary
2. Clastic Sedimentary
What are the major processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
Weathering and erosion
Deposition
Compaction and cementation
What is the difference between clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks?
clastic- made of fragments of other rocks
chemical-form when minerals precipitate from water
What is the solidification of sediments by the deposition of dissolved minerals in the tiny spaces between the sedimentary particles.
Cementation
____ form from layers of weathered, eroded, and deposited sediment.
Sedimentary rocks
What are 3 agents of Metamorphism?
heat
pressure
hydrothermal solutions
How does the rate of cooling affect and igneous rock's texture?
Slow cooling- large crystals (coarse texture)
Fast cooling- small or no crystals (fine or glassy texture)
What are some characteristics of of igneous rocks according to textures and compositions.
textures- coarse-grained, fine-grained, glassy
compositions- felsic(light), mafic (dark), intermediate
_____ is loose particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation.
Sediment
_____ form when preexisting rocks are altered by pressure, heat, and/or fluids.
Metamorphic rocks
Which type of rock in the rock cycle can only be formed at depths of a few kilometers below Earth's surface?
Metamorphic rock
List the forces that power Earth's rock cycle.
Heat from Earth's Interior (magma, pressure)
Weathering and Erosion (wind, water, ice)
Plate tectonics
Explain Intrusive and Extrusive.
Intrusive- form inside earth, cool slowly, have large crystals.
Extrusive- form on the surface, cool quickly, have small or no crystals.
This process summarizes how each of these rock types form and also describes how they can be transformed from one type to another.
Rock Cycle
What is the breakdown of rocks?
Weathering
What 2 sources of energy drive the processes that form rocks in the rock cycle?
1. Sun
2. Earth's interior heat
Identify the three major types of rocks and explain how they differ.
Igneous- form from cooled magma or lava
Sedimentary- form from compacted and cemted sediments.
Metamorphic- form when existing rocks are changed by heat, pressure, or chemical process.
Describe the rock cycle.
Continuous process where rocks change from one type to another.
Igneous-sedimentary-metamorphic-back again through melting, cooling, weathering, erosion, and heat/pressure
What composition is this?
light colored
contains about 10 to 25 percent dark silicate minerals
primarily composed of quartz and feldspars
named for granite
Granitic Composition
What composition is this?
contain at least 45 percent magnesium and iron-rich silicates
dark colored and dense
fine grained texture
basaltic composition
What type of metamorphism occurs during mountain building, resulting in the formation of high-grade metamorphic rocks?
Regional metamorphism
What composition is this?
contain 25 to 45 percent dark silicate minerals
fine-grained volcanic rock andesite
Andesitic composition
What is this process called?
When an agent of erosion, such as water, wind, ice, or gravity, loses energy, it drops off its sediment load.
Deposition
A process that squeeze, or compacts, sediments.
Compaction
Rocks made of sediments that come from preexisting rocks.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Transformation of preexisting rocks.
metamorphism
During this process intruding magma causes localized areas of elevated temperature that alter rock.
Contact Metamorphism
When solutions increase in temperature, reactions among substances can occur at a faster rate. Many of these solutions are associated with magma and are called _______.
Hydrothermal Solution