Photosynthesis Basics
Where in a plant cell is chlorophyll primarily located?
In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
Where do the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur?
Light reactions: thylakoid membrane. Calvin cycle: stroma.
Which DNA bases pair together?
A-T; G-C
What does helicase do?
Unwinds and separates the DNA strands.
During which phase does DNA replication occur?
S phase
What are the overall reactants of photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O, and light energy.
Name the inputs of the light reactions.
Light, H2O, ADP + Pi, and NADP+.
How many hydrogen bonds form between A-T and G-C?
A-T: 2. G-C: 3.
What enzyme makes RNA primers?
Primase
What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?
Sister chromatids are identical copies of one replicated chromosome; homologous chromosomes are corresponding maternal and paternal chromosomes.
What are the overall products of photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 & O2
Name the outputs of the light reactions.
O2, ATP, and NADPH.
If DNA is 18% cytosine, what percentage is adenine?
32%
What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize new DNA?
5′ → 3′.
A diploid organism has 2n = 8. After S phase, how many chromosomes and chromatids are present?
8 chromosomes and 16 chromatids.
What is the function of the stomata?
Allow gas exchange; guard cells control their opening and closing.
Name the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle.
Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH. Outputs: G3P, ADP + Pi, NADP+.
What does antiparallel mean?
The two DNA strands run in opposite 5′/3′ directions.
What are Okazaki fragments, and which enzyme joins them?
Short DNA segments on the lagging strand; DNA ligase joins them.
In which stage do chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate?
Metaphase
How does photosynthesis differ from cellular respiration in terms of energy?
Photosynthesis stores light energy in carbohydrates; respiration releases energy from carbohydrates to produce ATP.
What are RuBP and Rubisco, and how do they work together?
RuBP accepts CO2; Rubisco catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP.
What is the complementary RNA primer to a DNA template 3′-TACG-5′?
5′-AUGC-3′.
What does semiconservative replication mean?
Each daughter DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What happens during anaphase, and what happens during cytokinesis?
Anaphase separates sister chromatids; cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.