Test 3

1

100

occurs when VLP fails to decouple the oral nasal cavity all sounds produced appear nasally

What is hypernasality

200

target neurons in the spinal cord involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control.

What is extrapyramidal tracts

300

Characteristic's *Damage to the cerebellum results in in-coordination and reduced muscle tone called ataxia *Reflects the effects of in-coordination and the improper timing of movements, causing irregular breakdowns in articulation and abnormalities of prosody *Movements are inaccurate jerky, and lacking smoothness

What is Ataxia Dysarthria

400

*Two or more dysarthria are present in an individual *can occur in neurological diseases that cause damage to the multiple areas of the CNS **Amyotrophic later sclerosis (ALS) **both UMN'S and LMS'S degenerative causing flaccid and spastic dysarthria **75% of those affected will die without the ability to speak **TBI also causes mixed dementia **Axonal Shearing in TBI causes diffuse damage

What is Mixed Dysarthria

500

appear stuttering like consonant clusters and blends are difficult speech is slowed with equal stress and spacing

What is Speech Errors

2

100

nasal turbulence person tries to make high pressure sound when they have a cleft palate

What is audible nasal emission

200

12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves

What is Peripheral nervous system

300

Characteristic's *Movements are slow and reduced in range of motion due to rigidity *Feels stiff and find it hard to get movements started *Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem prevents proper functioning of the basal ganglia *Once started it is hard to stop *Parkinson's disease is the most common *Speech is fast and disfluecies are common *Loudness levels gradually decrease

What is Hypokinetic Dysarthria

400

Idiopathic unilateral damage to the facial nerve *Mild articulatory imprecision

What is Bell's Palsy

500

Can result from oxygen deprivation Causes Dysthria in children Can result from oxygen deprivation , infections, hemorrhages, malnutrition, and drugs causes abnormal muscle tone, lots of selective motor control, muscle weakness, and impaired speech

What is Cerebral Palsy

3

100

behavioral voice intervention, surgical intervention, psychological intervention, psychiatric counseling, drug treatments restores the vocal tissue to a healthy condition regain clear and full vocal function improve vocal habits

What is Voice therapy for misuse or abuse

300

*Common idiopathic degenerative neurological disorder that affects 1-2% of individuals over the age of 50 *Genetic and environmental factors *Hypokinetic dysarthria is present in 90% of cases *Reduced loudness, accelerated rate, disfluencies, imprecise articulation *Voice quality may be breathy and harsh, and pitch/loudness variability is reduced resulting in monotone and monoloudness.

What is Parkinson's Disease

400

Neurological disease that causes degenerative of LMN's **Fasciculation's ***in response to nerve damage ***speech is weak, hypernasility, monopitch, and impercise articulation

What is Progressive Bulbar Palsy

500

60% of people with CP Splasticity and increased muscle tone Exaggerative stretch reflex Limbs may rotate inwards Damaged UMN's are unable to inhibit signals that increase muscle tone

What is Spastic Cerebral Palsy

4

100

Location: precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of each hemisphere Function: controls skeletal muscle movement

What is Primary Motor Cortex

200

Characteristics: Hypotonia: weak, soft, low, muscle tone Lesions in the cranial and spinal nerves or muscle unit Reduced respiratory drive for speech. breathing, reduced pitch and loudness, hyper nasality, imprecise articulation

What is Flaccid Dysarthria

300

Characteristic's * Damage to BG *Tremor: rhythmic movement of a body part *Tics: rapid, patterned movements that can be suppressed for short periods *Dystonia: Slow hyperkinetic *Chorea: rapid and unpredictable movements of the limbs, tongue, face **Variable speech rate **irregular articulatory breakdown **prosodic abnormalities ***Huntington's Chorea

What is Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

400

A group of genetic diseases that cause progressive degeneration of muscles **all aspects of speech production may eventually be affected

What is Myasthenia Gravis

500

30%of individuals with CP have athetosis Movement is disorganized and uncoordinated speech and breathing problems are more severe than other types Damage to BG structures and pathways that inhibit involuntary movements Causes feet to turn in

What is Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

5

100

made up of corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts; refers to the part of the motor system arising from specific areas of the cerebral cortex and descending through the pyramids to end of alpha motor neurons

What is Pyramidal tract

200

Characteristic's *Spastic paralysis reflex's the combined effects of weakness and loss of inhibitory motor control *Reflexes become hyperactive, muscle tone is increased at rest, and individuals exhibit increased resistance to passive stretch *Movements to the articulators are slowed and reduced in forced and range of movement * Splacsticity at the larynx results in a strained quality to the voice *Results from Bilateral lesion in the cerebellum hemisphere or as a single lesion in the brain stem

What is Spastic Dysarthria's

300

Inherited progressive disease that results in degeneration of structures of the BG Symptoms: *involuntary chorea behaviors and changes in behaviors *later these movements worsen and generalize *changes in mood accompanied with depression and dementia

What is Huntington's Chorea

400

Neurological speech disorder that impairs the ability to plan or program the sensory and motor commands needed for speech production **results in disordered articulation of vowels and consonants, lower rate and prosodic disturbances *follows left hemisphere damage *Speech errors

What is Apraxia

500

Uncoordinated movements with disturbed balance Walking with a wide stance, bird like Injury to the cerebellum impairs monitoring of information about balance from the inner ears as well as propioceptive information from the muscles

What is Ataxic Cerebral Palsy