Show:
Gene Regulation
Viruses
Cell Communication
Biotechnology
CRISPR/Genomes
100
What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?
Euchromatin can be transcribed whereas heterochromatin cannot.
100
What do viruses need to reproduce?
A host.
100
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
100
What does a restriction enzyme do?
Recognize a specific sequence in DNA and cut it at the exact sequence.
100
Does the human genome contain more coding or non-coding DNA?
Non-coding, coding (exons) only make up about 1.5%
200
Are operons found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?
Prokaryotes
200
What is the name of the structure that covers the genome core of the virus?
Capsid
200
What is the difference between a kinase and a phosphatase?
A kinase is an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein while a phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein.
200
What is the name for a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types?
Stem cell
200
Which two species are most closely related (slide 13 chap 21)?
Chimpanzees and humans are most closely related.
300
How does histone methylation affect the ability of the cell to transcribe genes?
It makes it harder to transcribe genes. Acetylation makes it easier.
300
What type of virus is HIV and what is the enzyme that is useful during its infection cycle?
HIV is a retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase (allows for conversion of RNA into DNA)
300
How do steroid hormones enter the cell?
Able to freely cross the cell membrane and bind to an intracellular steroid receptor. They are able to do this because they are nonpolar.
300
What are the three steps of PCR and what does it allow us to do?
Denaturation, annealing, extension Allows us to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude
300
What is the original purpose of CRISPR in prokaryotes?
Allows for resistance to viral infection when viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial genome.
400
What will happen to the trp operon when tryptophan is present?
Tryptophan will bind to the trp repressor protein, which will turn the operon off.
400
Explain how vaccines work.
Vaccines contain a weakened form of the virus that stimulates the host's immune system and primes antibodies for the next attack.
400
What are the three steps of cell signaling?
Reception (binding of signaling molecule to receptor), transduction (relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway within the cell), response (activation of cellular response)
400
Explain the purpose of gel electrophoresis.
Allows us to separate DNA molecules by size, bigger molecules move slower than smaller molecules.
400
Explain the basic difference between transposons and retrotransposons.
Transposons are segments of DNA that can move around to different positions of a genome in a single cell. Retrotransposons are similar expect that they first transcribe the DNA into RNA and then use reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of the RNA to insert in a new location in the genome.
500
What is alternative splicing?
Allows for a single transcript to be spliced into different mRNAs. A single gene can code for multiple proteins.
500
What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle?
Lytic: phage uses host cell machinery to replicate and then lyses the host cell Lysogenic: phage integrates itself into the host cell's genome and replicates until it gets a signal that the infection cycle is complete
500
Explain how a G Protein-Coupled Receptor works?
At the beginning of the cycle, a GDP molecule will be bound to an inactive G protein. Once a signaling molecule binds to the GPCR, the G protein becomes active and a GTP replaces the GDP. The activated G protein will bind to an enzyme and induce a cellular response.
500
What does the Southern blotting method allow us to do?
Allows us to detect a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples, combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated samples and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization
500
What does the Cas9 protein do?
Recognizes palindromic DNA sequences with the help of guide RNA and cuts the DNA at that site