Test 4

Brain Anatomy

100

_________ __________ ____________ adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing.

What is medullary respiratory center OR pontine respiratory group

200

Consist of axons of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.

What are the cerebral peduncles

300

The posterior part of the midbrain is called the _________ and consists of elevations called the _________ and _________ colliculi. These are reflex centers that control the ___________ reflex.

Tectum, Superior, Inferior, Startle

400

Damage to the ____________ can cause a loss of ability to coordinate muscular movements, a condition known as __________

cerebellum, ataxia

500

The ______ ________ separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.The ________ __________ contains the primary motor area while the _______ ________ contains the primary somatosensory area.

Central Sulcus, Precentral gyrus, Postcentral gyrus

Cerebral Cortex

100

The distorted somatic sensory map of the body is known as __________ ___________

What is sensory homunculus

200

__________ ____________ is associated with damage to the Broca's speech area.

What is nonfluent aphasia

300

Wernicke's area damage is associated with _______ _______ which can be divided into two types. 1) word _________ and word ________

fluent aphasia, deafness, blindness

400

The ______ area controls skilled muscular movements, the ________ _______ area allows you to interpret pitch and rhythm, the _______ ______ area allows you to interpret shape, color, and movement of objects

premotor, primary auditory, primary visual

500

A __________ is an injury characterized by an abrupt, but temporary, loss of consciousness (from seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium. A brain _________ is bruising due to trauma and includes the leakage of blood from microscopic vessels. A ____________ is a tear of the brain, usually from a skull fracture or a gunshot wound.

concussion, contusion, laceration

Autonomic vs. Somatic

100

____________ are sensory receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system that monitor conditions in the internal environment

interoceptors

200

in some ________ pathways, the first motor neuron extends to specialized cells called __________ cells in the adrenal medullae.

autonomic, chromaffin

300

________ nervous system stimulation always excites its effectors (skeletal muscle fibers); stimulation by the ______ nervous system either excites or inhibits visceral effectors.

Somatic, Autonomic

400

__________ cells of the adrenal medula secrete the neurotransmitters ___________ and __________ which act on _________.

Chromaffin, NE, Epinephrine, blood vessels.

500

________ _________ means that a body organ receives neural innervation from both ________ and ________ neurons of the ANS.

dual intervention, sympathetic, parasympathetic

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

100

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the _________ division, while the parasympathetic is also known as the ___________ division.

thoracolumbar division, craniosacral division

200

Which ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division? Sympathetic division?

Terminal ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division; sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglia are associated with the sympathetic division.

300

DOUBLE JEOPARDY!! Most _________ preganglionic axons are longer than most __________ preganglionic axons because most ___________ ganglia are in the walls of visceral organs, but most ___________ ganglia are close to the spinal cord in the ___________ trunk.

parasympathetic, sympathetic, parasympathetic, sympathetic, sympathetic

400

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, called ___________ ___________, is regulated by the _____________

autonomic tone, hypothalamus

500

In the ANS, _________ ____________ release norepinephrine (NE). The two types of receptors that NE binds to are known as _________ and __________ receptors. Generally speaking, of these receptors, _________ and _________ are inhibitory while _________ and _________ are excititory.

adrenergic neurons, alpha, beta , alpha and beta 2, alpha and beta 1.

Chapter 16 Pathways

100

______________ conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

Third-order neurons

200

What are the two major tracts that form the posterior columns?

The posterior columns consist of the cuneate fasciculus and the gracile fasciculus.

300

_______________ conveys nerve impulses for pain, cold, warmth, itch, and tickle from the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head to the cerebral cortex.

Spinothalmic Pathway

400

Within the posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway. The axons of the second-order neurons cross to the opposite side of the medulla and enter the _______________, a thin ribbonlike projection tract that extends from the medulla to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.

medial lemniscus

500

________________ conveys nerve impulses that result in contractions of muscles in the distal parts of the limbs.

lateral corticospinal tract