Amino Acid/Nitrogen metabolism
In what organ does Nitrogen metabolism occur?
Liver
Where is the omega end of a fatty acid?
Where is the alpha end of a fatty acid?
Omega end: Last methyl (CH3) group on the R alkyl chain
Alpha end: Carbon directly next to the COOH group
Where does beta oxidation occur?
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Beta oxidation: Mitochondria
FA synthesis: Cytoplasm
Which enzyme converts acetyl coA to malonyl coA?
Acetyl coA carboxylase
What transports acyl coA from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria in FA oxidation?
Carnitine shuttle
What is the final product of nitrogen metabolism?
Urea
What is more fluid, a membrane with saturated fatty acids, or unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids
The formation of which molecule activates fatty acid synthesis?
Malonyl coA
Which enzyme grows the FA chain in FA synthesis?
Fatty acid synthase
What transports acetyl coA from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm in FA synthesis
Citrate shuttle
What is the first step of amino acid catabolism?
Removal of NH3 (transamination)
More than 20 carbons
In the presence of prolonged FA oxidation, what process is initiated?
Ketone body formation
What hormone stimulates adipose triglyceride lipase?
What hormone inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase?
Stimulate: Insulin
Inhibit: Glucagon
What molecule transports ammonia to the liver
Glutamine
Ketogenic amino acids can generate...
Glucogenic amino acids can generate...
Ketogenic: Ketone bodies
Glucogenic: TCA cycle intermediates
In 18:1 Δ9, what does each number/symbol mean
18: Total number of carbons in the chain
1: Number of double bonds
Δ: Indicates that counting should start from the alpha end of the molecule
9: There is a double bond that starts on carbon 9
Where are very long chain fatty acids oxidized?
Peroxisomes
What is the effect of MCAD deficiency?
Intolerance to prolonged fasting (impaired ketogenesis & hypoglycemia)
What type of fatty acids does the carnitine shuttle transport?
Long chain fatty acids
In metabolic acidosis, how do the kidneys regulate pH?
1) Kidneys take up Gln in the blood
2) Gln is converted to Glu by the removal of NH3
3) NH3 is converted to NH4 which neutralizes the excess protons in the blood
4) NH4 is excreted by kidneys to urine
What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
1) Alpha-linolenic acid
2) Linoleic acid
The oxidation of an 17 carbon FA produces (number & molecule) in (number of rounds)?
7 molecules of acetyl coA and 1 molecule of propionyl coA in 7 rounds
How does malonyl coA affect fatty acid oxidation?
It inhibits CAT1
Why must very long chain FAs be oxidized in the peroxisome first?
To break the molecule down in the short/medium chain FAs so they can enter the mitochondria and undergo oxidation.