Lymph Stuff
Name THAT Lymphocyte!
The Nephron
Miscellaneous
Inhalation
and
Exhalation
and
Exhalation
Respiratory
Anatomy
Anatomy
Questions by my husband, Landon
100
Medical Term for swelling is...
Edema!
100
List the 3 main lymphocyte types
1. B Cells
2. T Cells
3. NK Cells
100
What anatomical part of the kidney is incredibly salty? (High concentration of salt ions?)
Renal Medulla
100
Pressure and volume have a _________ relationship.
Inverse
So as volume increases, pressure decreases!
100
How many lobes does each lung have? Why do they have a different number
Left- 2
Right- 3
The heart is in the way of the left lung
100
Where does gas exchange happen in lungs?
Alveoli
100
A 35 year-old female presents to the Emergency Department with sharp, pleuritic chest pain. She has shortness of breath and pain with each breath. She recently returned from a trip to London and had an extended flight. No past medical history. Currently takes oral contraceptives and she has a 20 year pack smoking history. Based on the most likely diagnosis how are the PaO2 and PaCO2 likely to change with it?
Normal ranges are: PaO2 80-100 mmHg; PaCO2 35-45 mmHg (just saying increased or decreased will count)
Diagnosis: Pulmonary Embolism.
PaO2 decreased (from increased dead space)
PaCO2 initially increased but will be decreased from tachypnea (you are trying to blow off the excess CO2)
Explanation: Blood clot in venous system gets lodged in the lung and causes ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Major PE can lead to death. Long flight -->increased risk of thromboembolism. Smoking + long term oral contraceptive use increases risk for emboli formation.
200
Which Veins do all the lymphatic ducts drain directly into?
(L&R) Subclavian Vein
200
NAME THAT LYMPHOCYTE!
Responsible for making antibodies when activated
B cells
200
What part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing majority of the nutrients, water, and ions back to the blood stream?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
200
Gas travels from ______ Pressure to _______ Pressure
High; Low
200
During inhalation, what causes our lung cavity to increase in volume?
The contraction of the diaphragm (contracts downward) and intercostal muscles (contract out and up)
200
What part of the respiratory pathway houses the vocal cords?
Larynx
200
25 yr old male presents to the ED with blood in his urine and muscle pain a day after completing a marathon in Dallas, Tx in the summer. He reports dark cola colored urine and that he has not peed since yesterday. Urinalysis shows positive blood, negative red blood cells, and positive myoglobin. Creatine kinase is markedly elevated and there is hyperkalemia.
Diagnosis?
Rhabdomyolysis.
Destruction of muscle cells spills out contents (creatine kinase is high in muscle) so will have increased potassium, calcium, CK etc. Myoglobin in muscle causes kidney damage and has a red appearance (why urinalysis shows 'blood' in urine). Negative red blood cells tells you that the red color is likely from myoglobin and not RBC (a true hematuria).
300
Why does the lymphatic system need to help with fat absorption? What is the name of the package fats are put into?
Fats are too BIG (to enter blood capillaries)
Chylomicrons
300
NAME THAT LYMPHOCYTE:
Made in the Thymus
T cells!
300
Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water (Water cannot pass through it) but permeable to ions?
Ascending Loop of Henle
300
What lymphatic organ acts like the lymph node of the circulatory system?
Spleen
300
During inhalation, when the thoracic/pulmonary cavity increases in volume what happens to the pressure inside the cavity in comparison to the pressure outside the body (atmospheric pressure)?
Pressure in pulmonary cavity is LESS (low pressure) than the atmospheric pressure (high pressure)
(This is what causes air to rush into lungs because gas like to go from high pressure to low pressure)
300
What part of respiratory tract blocks our trachea when swallowing to keep food from going down the respiratory pathway?
Epiglottis
300
An 18 year old male presents to the clinic with malaise, fever, sore throat, and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy for the past three days. Patient recently started a new relationship but is not sexually active. Does not take any medications. No sick contacts.
What cell type is most likely infected and what preventative measure will you want the patient to take?
B cells. Strong T-cell response will be seen in histology as CD8+ cells attack B cells.
No sports/physical contact for 3-4 weeks due to possibility of splenic rupture.
Diagnosis: Infectious mononucleosis (from Epstein-Barr virus)
400
What causes fluid to build up in the interstitial space?
More water is leaving the blood capillaries (bloodstream) than getting reabsorbed (going back in)
400
NAME THAT LYMPHOCYTE:
Kills our bodies infected cells by triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death/suicide)
T cells (Cytotoxic) and NK Cells
I accept both so whoever got it first
400
What is primary role of kidneys?
Filter blood and produce urine
400
What anatomical feature carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
NOT URETHRA (that is how the urine goes from bladder to outside the body) -- don't get it twisted.
400
During exhalation, pressure in the thoracic/pulmonary cavity is ___________ than atmospheric pressure.
Higher
(this causes the air to rush out of our lungs because gas likes to travel from high to low pressure)
400
Name this anatomical structure
Eustachian Tube
400
A 5 year-old boy is brought to the clinic because he has been complaining of left leg pain for a month. He has been tired and having fevers off and on. CBC shows thrombocytopenia, anemia, and neutropenia. Bone marrow biopsy is shown below.
Diagnosis?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (or just leukemia accepted as well)
Abnormal proliferation of lymphoblasts (lymphocyte precursor) in bone marrow causing bone marrow failure (no room for hematopoietic cells which make neutrophils, so infections, megakaryocytic, so low platelets, and red blood cells.
500
List the three main roles of the lymphatic system:
1. Prevent Swelling
2. Absorbs Fats
3. Initiate Immune Response
500
NAME THAT LYMPHOCYTE:
Releases Cytokines and activates other immune cells
T cells (Helper)
500
What 4 waste products are secreted into the DCT and Collecting Duct? (Hint: Dump the HUNK)
1. H+ (Hydrogen Ions)
2. Urea
3. NH3+ (Ammonia)
4. K+ (Potassium)
500
In the nephron, what is permeable (able to pass through the walls) to the descending loop of Henle and what is NOT permeable.
Permeable: Water
Not Permeable: Ion (ex. Na+, Cl-)
500
If someone got stabbed in the lungs, what would this do to the pressure in our lung cavity? What would happen to the lung?
The pressure in the lung cavity would increase, so air would rush into the cavity that houses the lungs which would cause the lung to collapse.
500
Write out the pathway of air outside the body all the way to the alveoli of the lungs. (Hint: 6 anatomical structures --> alveoli)
Oral/Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli
500
What is my middle name?
Hint: Biblical, magician first name, Charles Dickens book character name
David