Organizational Structure
This structure has one owner making all decisions and is only suitable for small or new businesses.
What is entrepreneurial structure?
Flexible start and finish times to suit personal needs.
What is flexitime?
Exact formula for absenteeism rate.
What is (number of days of employee absence ÷ total number of workdays) × 100?
Communication that expects feedback from the receiver.
What is two-way communication?
A leader appointed by management (as opposed to one who emerges from the group).
What is a formal leader?
The number of subordinates a manager directly supervises
What is span of control?
Working from home on set days using IT (also called teleworking).
What is home working (teleworking)?
Output in a given time frame divided by number of workers.
What is labour productivity?
Communication that flows down the levels of hierarchy.
What is vertical communication?
4 personal qualities of a good leader
Any two: charisma, integrity, emotional intelligence, vision, honesty, empathy, etc.
The formal line of authority from the CEO down to line workers.
What is chain of command?
Full-time hours compressed into fewer days, e.g. 4 days × 10 hours.
What are compressed working hours?
Hard HRM focuses on this; soft HRM focuses on developing employees.
What is cutting costs?
This type of communication is instant, allows two-way feedback, but can be ambiguous.
What is spoken communication?
The theory that says leaders are born with special traits.
What is Great Man / Trait theory?
This structure splits the business by functions such as Marketing, Finance and Production.
What is functional structure?
Two employees share one full-time job on pro-rata pay and benefits.
What is job sharing?
The hierarchy in MBO goes AIM → Corporate → Divisional → Departmental → this.
What are individual targets?
Strengths of written communication
Permanent record / detailed information with diagrams (any two)
Goleman’s four main components of emotional intelligence.
Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, social skills
DAILY DOUBLE – This structure has dual reporting lines (functional manager + project manager) and is best for innovation and new product launches.
What is matrix structure?
Fixed total hours per year but flexible timing; employer can call staff when needed.
What are annualised hours?
Three advantages of AI/IT in HRM (or name one biometric tool and one disadvantage).
Frees HR time / faster data / biometric time clocks (adv); employees feel monitored / less human contact (disadv)
Four barriers to effective communication
Any four: poor attitudes, physical reasons, intermediaries, too many layers, jargon, information overload, etc. OR messages distorted / no feedback in tall hierarchy
This leadership theory says the best style depends on the situation and maturity of subordinates.
What is contingency theory?