ANS
T/F The ANS includes the somatic nervous system
F: sympathetic and parasympathetic
F
T/F Pain does more good than harm
T: awareness of tissue injury or threatening situations
T/F The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) are part of the inner ear.
F: middle ear
T/F Photoreceptor cells supply the optic nerve
F: Ganglion cells
Name 3 functions of the ANS
Regulates primitive body functions: heart rate,
blood pressure, digestion, body temp,
pulmonary airflow, excretion, sexual
function, etc.
What is the function of the enteric nervous system
Coordinates motility and
secretion of digestive tract.
Which form of pain is associated with internal organs
Visceral pain
What is the difference between static and dynamic equillibrium
Static equilibrium: Perception of head orientation when body is stationary
Dynamic equilibrium: Perception of motion or acceleration, acceleration is linear or angular
What type of vision are rods and cones involved in (different for both).
Rods (scotopic vision)
Cones (photopic vision)
Name the two types of autonomic nerve fibers and what they secrete
Cholinergic fibers: secrete acetylcholine (ACh)
Adrenergic fibers: secrete norepinephrine (NE)
Name the type of autonomic nerve fiber/s in each: Sympathetic preganglionic, Sympathetic postganglionic, Parasympathetic preganglionic, Parasympathetic postganglionic
SNS
Preganglionic fiber: Always cholinergic
Postganglionic: Mostly adrenergic A few cholinergic*
PNS
Preganglionic fiber: Always cholinergic
Postganglionic: Always cholinergic
Name the receptors for pain and their location
nociceptors, nearly all tissues, esp. skin & mucous membranes
How do loudness and frequency impact the ear differently
Loudness: Loud sounds vibrate basilar
membrane more intensely,
triggering higher frequency of
action potentials.
Frequency: Sounds of different frequencies
vibrate different regions of
basilar membrane, inducing
action potentials in different
nerve fibers.
What are the two apparatuses of the eye and their functions? Additionally, for 50 extra points, name two structures that are a part of each.
Optical apparatus: Collects, regulates, focuses
light. (Cornea, iris/pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body)
Neural apparatus: Converts light to nerve
signals and conducts signals to brain. (Retina, optic nerve)
Describe the two divisions of the ANS
Sympathetic division (“fight or flight”)
• Prepares body for physical activity
• Situations of arousal, alertness, competition,
stress, danger, anger, fear
Parasympathetic division (“resting & digesting”)
• Calming effect associated with rest, reduced
energy expenditure, and normal body
maintenance
• Stimulates digestion, waste elimination, sexual
arousal
Describe three examples of dual innervation
Pupil: Dilation vs Constriction
Heart rate: Faster vs Slower
Bronchi Dilation vs Constriction
Urethral sphincter Contraction/urine retention vs Relaxation/urine release
Digestive enzyme secretion: Reduced vs Increased
Intestinal motility: Reduced vs Increased
What are the two forms of somatic pain and give an example of each
Superficial somatic pain
E.g., cuts, burns, bee stings
Sharp, stabbing, prickling
Deep somatic pain
E.g., muscle aches, cramps
Aching, burning, nauseating
Less localized, longer-lasting
What are the parts of the vestibular apparatus and their functions.
• Three semicircular ducts (for rotational/acceleration)
• Two chambers: saccule and utricle (for linear acceleration and static equilibrium)
Describe two differences between rods and cones.
Rods: High degree of neural convergence (up
to 600 rods/bipolar cell).
• Spatial summation and low-light
sensitivity.
• Large receptive fields (1 mm2) result in
coarse, grainy image.
Cones: Each cone of fovea has a “private line to the brain.”
• No spatial summation, so weakly stimulated cones can’t collaborate to stimulate a bipolar cell.
• Small receptive fields (2 m2) result in finely detailed image.
Name the two categories of Autonomic Neurotransmitter Receptors and each type
Cholinergic receptors: bind ACh
– Nicotinic receptors: always excited by ACh
– Muscarinic receptors: some excited, some inhibited by ACh
• Adrenergic receptors: bind NE
alpha-adrenergic receptors: usually excited by NE ( EXC: labor contractions and goose bumps. INB: intestinal motiliy)
beta-adrenergic receptors: usually inhibited by NE ( INB: brochiole dilation. EXC: heart
Name three differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
The Sympathetic Division
• = Thoracolumbar division. Preganglionic
neurons arise from thoracic & lumbar
regions of spinal cord (T1 to L2).
• Short preganglionic, long postganglionic
fibers.
• Preganglionics lead to sympathetic chain
of ganglia alongside spine.
• Extensive neural divergence.
• Includes adrenal medulla.
The Parasympathetic
Division
• = Craniosacral division. Preganglionic neurons
arise from brainstem & sacral region of spinal
cord (S2 to S4).
• Long preganglionic, short postganglionic
fibers.
• Preganglionics lead to terminal (intramural)
ganglia in/near target organ.
• Minimal neural divergence.
• Parasymp. fibers in 4 cranial nerves
Describe the projection pathway for pain (1st, 2nd, 3rd order fiber)
1st-order nerve fiber enters dorsal horn, secretes substance P.substance P.
2nd-order nerve fiber decussates and ascends contralateral spinothalamic tract; ends in thalamus
3rd-order fiber projects to postcentral gyrus (somesthetic cortex) of cerebrum.
Some 2nd-order fibers ascend spinoreticular tract to reticular formation, then 3rd-order to hypothalamus & limbic system.
What are the three regions of the ear and their function
Outer ear: collects sound waves and concentrates them on tympanic membrane
Middle ear: concentrates energy on small area of oval window (1/18 diameter of tympanic membrane); protects inner ear from loud noises
Inner ear: filled with liquid; converts fluid motion to nerve signals
Describe the steps of vision (5 steps).
1. Light is absorbed by a biological pigment, which
2. Creates a photochemical reaction, which
3. Leads to neurotransmitter release, which
4. Produces a nerve signal, which
5. Creates a conscious perception of an image.