Chemical Energy
How many phosphate groups are in both ATP & ADP
ATP 3 Phosphate, fully charged
ADP 2 Phosphate, half way charged
What does Photosynthesis mean?
Photo-Light
Synthesis-putting together
What does aerobic and anaerobic mean?
Aerobic-a process that requires oxygen
Anaerobic-a process without oxygen
What type of fermentation do humans undergo?
Alcoholic fermentation
What is ATP Not Good at
storing energy
What are Heterotrophs and Autotrophs?
Heterotrophs- Consume other organisms to obtain their nutrients and energy.
What is a light INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT reaction?
Light-dependent reactions are chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis induced by light
Light-independent is biochemical reactions in photosynthesis not requiring light and produce molecules from carbon dioxide
What is the Equation for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + lots of ATP
What type of process is Fermintation
Anaerobic
What is ATP good at?
Transferring energy
What colors are plants best at ABSORBING?
Violet, indigo, red, and orange
Equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H20 --> C6H12O6+6O2
(co2) (water) (glucose) (oxygen)
What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration and where are they each located in?
Step 1. Glycolysis(cytoplasm)
Step 2. Krebs Cycle(Matrix of the Mitochondria)
Step 3. ETC (Inner Membrane of Mitochondria)
What Is the purpose of regenerating NAD+
To continue glycolysis
What are the products and reactants of Glycolysis
R:glucose, ATP, NADP+
P:2Pyruvate, 4 Atp, 2 nadph
What colors are plants best at reflecting
green and yellow light.
Light DEPENDENT stages
Energy from the sun converts ADP and NADP+ into the high energy electron carriers ATP and NADPH.
Produce oxygen as a by- product through the splitting of a water molecule.
Sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll in photosystem II and photosystem I.
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
ATP and NADPH are intermediates that get sent to the light independent reaction
What are the inputs of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC
G- 2 ATP & Glucose
K- 2 pyruvate (from glycolysis)
E- NADH (from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) FADH2 (from the krebs cycle) Oxygen (from outside of the cell)
What does Alcohol Fermintation and Lactic acid regenerate and produce.
Lactic- Regenerates NAD+ & 2 molecules of lactic acid as waste.
Alcoholic- Regenerates NAD+ Produces 2 molecules of alcohol and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.
What are the products and reactants of Krebs Cycle
R:FAD,ADP,NAD+,Phyruvic Acid
P: FADH2, ATP, NADH, CO2
Explain the process of which energy is made.
Energy gets released when the bond between the phosphates is broken and energy is restored when a phosphate is added.
Light INDEPENDENT reaction stages.
Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin Cycle from the atmosphere
Energy is added (NADPH and ATP from the light dependent reactions)
Glucose is formed!
Occurs in the Stroma
What are the outputs of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC
G- 4 ATP, net gain of 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate (½ glucose) goes to the Krebs cycle, 2 NADH carries the electrons that we took from the glucose) -- goes to the ETC
K- 2 ATP (cell keeps to use for cellular functions) 8 NADH (carrying electrons -- goes to the ETC) 2 FADH2 (carrying electrons and protons -- goes to the ETC)
6 CO2 (waste)
E- LOTS OF ATP!, NAD+ and FAD, go back to the first two steps so that the cycle can continue
What causes bread to rise
Carbon Dioxide
What does the ETC use to make ATP?
FADH2 and NADH