Ch. 5 - Membrane and Organelles
Ch. 6 - Energy flow
Ch. 7 - Cellular Respiration
Ch. 8 - Photosynthesis
100

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active requires energy to move molecules from a low concetration gradient to a high concentration gradient

Passive does not require energy and is movement of molecules from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient

100

Where is a reaction catalyzed in an enzyme?

The active site (sometimes called the catalytic site)

100

What is the byproduct of respiration when glucose is broken down?

CO2

100

Which occurs first, the Light or Dark reactions and why are they named this way?

Light occurs first, it requires the energy captured from the photons to go through the ETC and produce ATP.

200

Why is the cellular membrane called the a "bilayer"?

The membrane is made up of interacting phospholipids, the polar heads interact with the aqueous environment while the hydrophobic tails interact with each other.


200

Which type of inhibition (competitive or noncompetitive) is considered allosteric?

Noncompetitive - the inhibitor (or the allosteric molecule could also be an activator) binds to a site other than the active site called the allosteric site

200
What is the final electron acceptor? Where is that electron acceptor used?

Oxygen

at the end of the ETC passed from Complex IV
200

What connects the Light and Dark reactions?

ATP and NADPH created in the light reactions move to facilitate the dark reaction (forming glucose from RuBP and CO2)

300

What are the factors that affect the fluidity?

1. Temperature (high temp = more fluid, lower temp = less fluid) 

2. Presence of cholesterol / Unsaturated fatty acids (very high temp = less fluid, low temp = more fluid)

300
What are the classifications for organisms on how they get their energy and how they get their carbon?

Photo - light energy

Chemo - require molecules from environment

Auto - inorganic carbon (CO2)

Hetero - organic carbon (glucose)

ex. chemohetertrophs - humans
300

What is the purpose of the proton gradient and where do the protons flow?

The protons flow from the matrix to the inter-membrane space

The purpose is the allow the formation of ATP as the protons want to flow back to the low concetration of H+ through ATP synthase.
300

In each Photosystem: Antenna Chlorophylls V.S. reaction center, what each type of them are transferring?

Antenna Chlorophylls move photons and light energy to excite electrons

Reaction center is the pocket for the electrons to become excited
400

What are the major functions of the endomembrane system organelles?

nuclear envelope - contains DNA, allows RNA to be synthesized

ER - lipid and protein synthesis

Golgi - modify and sort proteins/lipids, and synthesize carbohydrates

Vacuoles - digesting unused macromolecules

400

What determines if a reaction is spontaneous or not?

The free energy ( delta G ), - G is spontaneous which means a release of free energy - the products are more stable than the reactants.

400

What is the purpose of going through fermentation and why does this pathway occur in the first place?

Fermentation occurs due to a lack of oxygen. 


The purpose is to continually go through substrate level phosphorylation and replenish NAD+


400
When electrons are excited in PSI and PSII, which electron has more energy?

PSI so the electron is ensured to move forward in the reaction and reduce NADP+

500

What is FRAP and what did it show?

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching - showed that the membrane was fluid after bleached areas of the membrane were slowly replaced by nonbleached lipids and proteins. 

500

Given either a positive or negative ∆ G, determine whether the reaction is endergonic or exergonic.

+∆ G - the products are less stable than the reactants, energy is required, endergonic

-∆ G - the products are more stable than the reactants, energy is released, exergonic

500

What are the total products of each stage of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

TCA - 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (each pyruvate molecule makes 1/2 the products)


ETC - 28 ATP

Totals - 32 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2


500
Give the pathway for an electron moving through the Photosynthesis ETC, where does the electron come from?

Electron comes from water

H2O - PSII (excitation) - Cytochrome - PSI (excitation) - NADP+ reductase - NADP+ (forms NADPH)