genetics + nature/nurture
What is the difference between nature and nurture? Give an example.
Nature = genetics
Nurture = environment
student example
Give an example of temperament
student example
the cognitive understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
sensorimotor stage
Define transduction in sensation
the transformation of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses brain can interpret
Describe evolutionary psychology
a theoretical approach that studies human behavior, cognition, and emotion through the lens of evolutionary biology
How do mutations play into natural selection?
Mutations occur randomly. They may manifest in a way that allows a specific organism to survive better, leading to more offspring.
define developmental psychology
the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across their lifespan, from conception to death
Define Piaget's Stages
Sensorimotor: 0-2, learns through senses and actions
Preoperational: 2-7 years; develops language and uses symbols; difficulty understanding conservation and logic
Concrete operational: 7-11; thinks more logically about concrete events; understands conservation
Formal Operational: 12+; develops abstract and hypothetical thinking; thinks about future and moral issues
give an example of subliminal stimulation
student examples
explain the differences between longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies. Give examples
Longitudinal studies track the same subjects over an extended period to analyze changes over time and establish causality, whereas cross-sectional studies analyze data from different individuals at a single, specific point in time to identify trends
student examples
Claire shares 50% of her DNA with her sister. What kind of siblings are they?
Trick question! They can be fraternal twins or regular siblings.
Explain the differences between zygote, embryo, and fetus
A zygote is the single-celled, fertilized egg; an embryo (weeks 3–8) is the rapidly dividing, implanted cell cluster forming organs; and a fetus (week 9–birth) is the developing human focused on growth and refinement
What is scaffolding according to Vygotsky?
peer/mentor/parent providing support to help a learner master a task they cannot yet do independently.
What is the fovea?
Central focal point in retina around which eye’s cones cluster
Katie whispers while she is in a library. What is this an example of?
injunctive norms
Maddie's grandmother went through an extreme period of stress while she was pregnant. This caused both Maddie and her mother to suffer from higher levels of anxiety. Maddie jokes the stress turned on her own stress. This is an example of...
epigenetics
Define and give an example of a teratogen
any agent—including drugs, chemicals, infections, or environmental conditions—that can disrupt fetal development, causing birth defects, structural abnormalities, or functional impairments during pregnancy
student example
Choose two of Erikson's phases to give scenarios for
student examples
What is the optic nerve?
Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain
Give the exact definition of DNA
Complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Explain the Human Genome Project
Define every pareting style
Authoritative: demanding, sensitive, and responsive
Authoritarian: stern, punitive, demanding
Permissive: doesn't enforce limits, sensitive, responsive
uninvolved: doesn't enforce limits, stern, and punitive
What are Erikson's stages of development?
Stage 1: 0-1, trust vs. mistrust
stage 2: 1-3, autonomy vs. shame/doubt
stage 3: 3-6, initiative vs. guilt
stage 4: 7-11, industry vs. inferiority
stage 5: 12-1, identity vs. confusion
stage 6: 19-29, generativity vs. stagnation
stage 7: 30-64, generativity vs. stagnation
stage 8: 65+, integrity vs. despair
Define a monocular cue
Depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
- light and shadow
- Relative motion
- Relative size
- Linear perspective
- Interposition
- Relative height
a cognitive framework or mental structure that helps individuals organize and interpret information about the world, acting as a "filing system" for knowledge
student example