Row 1
The Karankawans used what kind of animal fat to repel insects?
Alligator
When European explorers arrived in Texas, the Caddos were one of the first groups they encountered. What did Europeans know the Caddos as?
Tejas
What did the Karankawas not require much of because the Gulf Coast experiences scorching summers and pleasant winters?
Clothing
The Atakapas territory stretched from Galveston Island to the Sabine River, and it included sections of which state today?
Louisiana
What ability was not invented until long after the first Texans lived?
Writing
Who emphasized farming and spread throughout eastern Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma about a thousand years ago?
Caddo
What do historians name the shorter periods of the past?
Eras
What were the descendants of the earlier Anasazi society known as?
Jumano
What does it mean for families to trace their origins back to the mother's side?
Matrilineal
What has historically made life in western and central Texas difficult?
Drought
What do we call tools, weapons, and other human-made objects?
Artifacts
What did the Spanish bring to the region that drastically altered buffalo hunting? By 1700, most southern Plains Indians had one.
Horses
Felling ill and dying at an alarming rate, the Karankawas, like other Texas Indian communities, had never been exposed to what?
European diseases
Before Europeans arrived, American Indian groups farmed on the borders of the plains, occasionally entering the plains to hunt what?
Buffalo
What was the Spanish term for the gatherings of Coahuiltecan groups that would celebrate all night long with food and dancing?
Mitotes
What is it called when you plant various crops on the same area of land every year?
Crop Rotation
A wigwam could house how many people?
Seven or Eight
The early Jumanos resided in communities along where?
Rio Grande
What is the name of an artifact-rich, valuable site located just west of Georgetown?
Gault site
What did friends who supported one another call themselves?
Allies
What was it that each Karankawa child received two of, one of which only close relatives knew about, and which, according to the Karankawas, contained magic that protected children from harm?
Names
What was the name of the native people who resided on Texas' north-central plains and the Edwards Plateau?
Tonkawas
What was the name given to people who hunted wild animals and collected plants for food?
Hunter-gatherers
What was the customary structure for a few families meeting for celebrations known as?
Bands
For the spring and summer, the Karankawans have set aside sites for camping. Where did the Karankawans live when deer and bison herds were more common?
Inland
Jumanos built permanent houses consisting of what kind of brick?
Adobe
By the mid-1700s, the Jumanos had lost control of much of their land; to whom?
Apaches
How far does the Great Plains reach, where buffalo once roamed for centuries?
Canada into Southern Texas
Which historical period describes a period when Texas' economy was centered on farming and ranching?
Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads
How did the Apache prepare buffalo meat and hides for later use?
Preserved
When Mexico gained independence from Spain, what era did it start?
Mexican National Period
What was the name of moveable dwellings built from animal hides spread across long poles?
Tepees
What made it easier for the Jumanos to travel and kill buffalo?
Horses
When were the Apaches forced to leave Texas?
1800s
Around when did Juan Sabeata ask the Spanish for protection against the Apaches?
1680s
How many people lived in five Jumano villages near La Junta de los Ríos, north of Big Bend?
10,000
What is the name of the location near Salado, close to Gault, where archaeologists have discovered even older artifacts?
Buttermilk Creek
When the buffalo moved, the Lipan Apaches followed. Some Apaches who did not farm traveled to trade food with other American Indian tribes. Where did they go to trade?
New Mexico
Which profession is interested in learning about people's lives and relationships, both now and in the past?
Anthropologists
In some settlements, the Jumanos erected their homes around a central plaza; around how many people lived in each one?
30 to 40
Although stone hammers and knives were among the few tools the Coahuiltecans produced, according to several archaeologists, what did they employ for hunting?
Bows and Arrows
Every Native American band was led by two people. What was the elder individual's title?
Peace Chief
When no written records of people's lives remained, what do we name that period of time?
Prehistory
Who first inhabited in what is now the western United States? After acquiring horses, they migrated to the Great Plains.
Comanches
What was the term used to describe people who moved from place to place?
Nomads
Scholars assume that the Apaches moved to the American Southwest between when?
A.D. 1000 and 1400
By the time European explorers came in the region, the Caddos had formed what kind of political organization: loose associations that collaborated?
Confederacies
What was the name of the last Native American Plains group to arrive in Texas? They left the northern plains in the early 1800s to avoid enemies.
Kiowas
This area contained hundreds of fossils that have taught researchers about the kinds of animals that prehistoric people hunted. What's this place called?
Lubbock Lake
The Comanches were great fighters who ruled most of the plains, including northern and western Texas. What did the Spanish call the territory they resided in?
Comanchería
What were the Karankawas known for?
Height
Each Native American band was led by two individuals. What was the best rider and fighter's title?
War Chief
Instead of being a single, cohesive tribe, the Coahuiltecans were made up of numerous groups that just so happened to reside close to one another. What were they all?
Independent
Between the Caddos and the Gulf of Mexico lived a people known as the what?
Atakapas
What is the name given to bands that shared customs and lived in the same area?
Culture groups
Apache bands frequently lived close together for defensive grounds. What's another reason?
Ceremonies
Which profession focuses on the artifacts left by people from the past?
Archaeologist
Which group of individuals cut their hair very short on the left side while allowing their right side hair to grow long?
Lipan Apache men
The Karankawans have designated camping areas for the fall and winter. Where did the Karankawans reside along when there were plenty of fish?
Gulf Coast
Who introduced diseases that killed countless Jumanos?
Spaniards
People who study the past are known as what?
Historians
What affected the Apaches' way of life, which often involved hunting buffalo in groups? They approached buffalo herds and used bows and arrows to slay them.
Horseback Riding
Whose entrance altered the Coahuiltecans' way of life?
Europeans
What had a devastating impact on the Atakapas by the early 1900s, when there were few left?
European diseases
Which culture, which first arose in North America between 11,000 and 12,000 years ago, has items at the Gault site?
Clovis
Scholars believe the Apaches migrated to the American Southwest from their native homeland, which was far north. What is the name of the location?
Canada
Over time, many of the animals that early humans hunted—such as enormous bison and mammoths—became what?
Extinct
What is the name of one of the two Apache groups that inhabited western Texas before being forced to relocate to present-day New Mexico?
Mescaleros
What is another name for the first Americans?
Paleo-Indians
What is the name of one of the two Apache groups that dwelt between the Texas Hill Country and the Rio Grande?
Lipans
These people resided in northern Mexico and far southern Texas, where cultivation was not feasible due to the arid climate. What is the name given by historians to the people who lived in the Southwest?
Coahuiltecans
Caddo women managed the household and handled major family decisions. In each residence, an elderly woman oversaw the activities of about how many people living there?
10 to 20
Archaeologists have discovered artifacts made long before the Clovis culture emerged at the Buttermilk Creek site. What was the estimated age of the artifacts discovered here?
15,500
Surviving Tonkawas regularly mixed with other American Indian groups, and the Tonkawas ceased to exist as a separate entity; roughly when?
1900s
The history of Texas is lengthy; more than how many years?
12,000
What was the name of the American Indian tribe that lived on the Texas plains? Their original habitat was far to the north, and they were divided into two factions.
The Apaches
A few Coahuiltecans joined other Indian groups.When did many Coahuiltecans give up their native ways of life and begin residing with the Spanish?
1800
The Tonkawas attempted to adjust to the loss of their primary source of food and hides, the buffalo, but had limited success with what?
Farming
What was the name of the portable structures made of bent poles covered with reed mats and animal skins?
Wigwams
Who asked the Spanish for protection against the Apaches, given his extensive experience with the Spanish and his knowledge of their customs and language, as well as the inhabitants of northern Mexico?
Juan Sabeata
What does "Paleo" mean?
Old” or “Ancient
Who lived to the west of the Caddos along the Red River? Originally from Kansas and Oklahoma, they moved to north-central Texas in the 1700s.
Wichita
Who were the hunter-gatherers who inhabited the region south of Corpus Christi Bay and close to modern-day Galveston?
Karankawans
Who forced the Tonkawas to abandon their hunting grounds in the 1700s?
Apaches
The women wore skirts of grass or deerskin, the men wore little clothing; how were the hairstyles of men and women?
Long, hanging down to the waist
What's another term for animal skins?
Hides
Since multiple groups in Texas shared a common area, they were likely to develop specific characteristics in common. What's the name of this?
Culture traits
Wichita Men tattooed their eyelids and drew small lines at the corners of each eye. Because their tattoos made them resemble a certain animal, the Wichitas called themselves Kitikiti'sh, which means what?
Raccoon Eyes
When was it established that there were no more Karankawas?
mid-1800s
In the 1700s, some Wichitas migrated as far south as which current city?
Waco