Wycliffe
In 14th-century England, the Catholic Church controlled all aspects of life, and this language was the only authorized tongue for the Bible and church services.
What is Latin?
This King was the first to break 350 years of tradition by writing his military dispatches from France in English rather than French.
Who is Henry V?
He introduced the printing press to England, famously worrying about whether to use the word "eggis" or "eyren" in his translations.
Who is William Caxton?
Tyndale was the first to translate the New Testament into English from these two original languages, rather than Latin.
What are Greek and Hebrew?
Tyndale coined this term for a person who is blamed for the wrongdoings of others.
What is a "scapegoat"?
This Oxford philosopher and scholar organized the first translation of the Bible into English in the 1380s.
Who is John Wycliffe?
This massive 'engine of state' and civil service in London was responsible for choosing consistent spellings for official documents sent across the country.
What is the Chancery?
This seismic technological change, invented in Germany around 1435, marks the beginning of the "Information Age."
What is printing?
Because his work was illegal in England, Tyndale was forced to print his Bibles in this European region and smuggle them back home.
What is Germany and the Low Countries?
This phrase, meaning to be the favorite of someone, is one of hundreds we owe to William Tyndale.
What is "the apple of mine eye"?
These "itinerant preachers" spread Wycliffe’s English Bible across the country and were nicknamed by the establishment for "mumbling" or "weeds."
Who are the Lollards?
This linguistic phenomenon in the 15th century caused the pronunciation of English vowels to change rapidly while the spelling remained largely the same.
What is The Great Vowel Shift?
This author’s Canterbury Tales was one of Caxton’s first English bestsellers.
Who is Geoffrey Chaucer?
This high-ranking official and scholar was Tyndale's fiercest opponent, calling his Bible 'the fire of scripture' in the language of commoners.
Who is Sir Thomas More?
Tyndale popularized this phrase regarding the human condition: "The _____ is willing, but the _____ is weak."
What is "spirit" and "flesh"?
Because the Church was not satisfied with Wycliffe's natural death, they ordered his remains to suffer this two-part fate in 1428.
What is to be exhumed and burned?
This King authorized the first legal English Bibles after his break from the Roman Catholic Church.
Who is Henry VIII?
Tyndale’s New Testament was printed in this size, making it easy for people to conceal it in their pockets.
What is "pocket-sized"?
This percentage of the 1611 King James Bible is estimated to be comprised of Tyndale’s original writing.
What is 85%?
This phrase, referring to the value of money or profit, was used by Tyndale to describe corrupt gain.
What is "filthy lucre"?
Because Wycliffe's translators were nervous that English couldn't carry the weight of God's word, they often used this "word-for-word" method that resulted in awkward phrasing.
What is keeping the Latin word order? (Example: "I forsooth am the Lord thy God, strong jealous.")
To make the roots of English more evident, scholars during standardization inserted 'silent letters' into these two common words to show their Latin origins.
What are "Debt" and "Doubt"?
Because printing allowed for large numbers of books to be manufactured, the video states it became very hard for the authorities to do this.
What is "control the spread of ideas"?
While in prison, Tyndale wrote a letter asking for a warmer cap, a warmer coat, and these three scholarly tools to continue his work.
What are a Hebrew Bible, a grammar, and a dictionary?
Wycliffe’s Bible was the first to record this word for a "foreigner" or "uncivilized person."
What is "Barbarian"?