Electromagnetism
This is the number of waves passing a point per unit time, measured in hertz.
Frequency
This scientist hypothesized that light was composed of particles called "corpuscles" and studied its reflection and refraction.
Sir Isaac Newton
In the Bohr model, when electrons absorb energy, they jump to a higher one of these, and emit light when falling back.
Energy level
This quantum number determines the shape of the orbital and is denoted as l, with values like 0 for s, 1 for p.
Angular momentum
This principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
This term refers to the length between two crests in a wave.
Wavelength
This English polymath showed the wave-like nature of light through his double-slit experiment in the early 1800s.
Thomas Young
This Danish physicist proposed a model of the atom where electrons orbit the nucleus at specific quantized energy levels.
Niels Bohr
This Danish physicist proposed a model of the atom where electrons orbit the nucleus at specific quantized energy levels.
Principal
This principle states that electrons occupy the lowest-energy orbital available.
Aufbau Principle
What is the value of c, the speed of light?
3 x 108 m/s
This German physicist introduced the idea of energy quanta to explain blackbody radiation, founding quantum theory.
Max Planck
This principle states that it's impossible to precisely know both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
This quantum number describes the spin of an electron, with possible values of +1/2 or -1/2.
What is the electron-configuration notation for fluorine?
1s2 2s2 2p5
This equation relates the speed of light to wavelength and frequency: c = λv.
Wave equation for light
This effect, where light ejects electrons from a surface, was explained by hypothesizing light as particles called photons.
Photoelectric effect
This diagram illustrates the possible energy transitions for electrons in an atom, leading to emission or absorption spectra.
Energy-state diagram
This quantum number specifies the orientation of the orbital in space.
Magnetic
This rule states that electrons will occupy orbitals singly with parallel spins before pairing up in orbitals of equal energy.
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity
This encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.
Electromagnetic spectrum
This French physicist proposed the equation λ = h/p to describe the wave nature of particles.
Louis de Broglie
This Austrian physicist developed a wave equation that mathematically describes the behavior of electrons as waves in atoms.
Erwin Schrödinger
The p orbital can hold this maximum number of electrons, distributed across three orbitals.
6
What is the noble gas configuration for copper?
[Ar] 3d10 4s1