Punishment Procedures
It's currently happening, contingent removal of positive reinforcers such as tokens or Jeopardy points
Response cost
A teacher implemented a procedure where they introduce a vocal stimulus "knock that off" in order to reduce talk-outs of one of her students. After weeks of using the procedure, the student continues to talk out at similar rates. The stimulus "knock that off" is
A) a positive punisher B) a positive reinforcer C) a negative punisher D) a neutral stimulus
D) A neutral stimulus
In the Kirkwood, Piazza, & Peterson (2021) article on functionally matched and unmatched extinction components what two procedures did they use?
Attention Extinction and Escape Extinction
Name one downside that was suggested by Kirkwood, Piazza and Peterson (2021) to using non-function based extinction contingencies
Increases complexity of treatment, may waste resources, it may undermine the credibility of the provider, and it doesn't aid in treatment outcomes
What was the alternative behavior selected for the DRA procedure in Verriden & Roscoe (2019) on punisher assessments
Appropriate item engagement
Restitutional Overcorrection and Positive Practice
This is used to evaluate different punishers or punishment procedures.
A punisher assessment
In the Ward, Parker, and Perdikaris (2017) article the authors took an alternative approach to escape extinction, what was it?
The wait out procedure
Name four secondary effects associated with extinction
Extinction bursts, behavioral variability, increase in response magnitude, spontaneous recovery, resurgence, or emotional responding such as aggression
Which common antecedent based intervention, that uses reinforcement, was used in one of the articles.
NCR non-contingent reinforcement
Seclusionary time-out
A punishment procedure where individuals have to perform effortful action that isn't topographically related to the problem behavior in order to decrease the target behavior.
Contingent Exercise
Which two procedures were kept constant in the Verriden & Roscoe (2019) paper on punisher assessments?
NCR & DRA
Describe the general term for the principle of extinction and all its procedural variations
the functional relation between withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior and the resultant diminishing rate of response (Cooper et al., 2020 p 583) Different procedures based on the 4 functions of behavior
Name and describe the variations of DRO procedures
Fixed/Variable interval DRO, Fixed/Variable momentary DRO
There are five variables that influence the effectiveness of a punishment procedure, name four of them.
immediacy, intensity, schedule/frequency, inadvertent reinforcement of the target behavior, and the availability of reinforcement for an alternative behavior (Cooper et al. 2020)
Punishment is associated with several negative side effects, what are five of them indicated by Cooper et al. (2020)
Emotional Responding, Aggression, Escape/Avoidance, Behavior Contrast, modeling, negative reinforcement for the user, the introduction/ maintenance of aversive conditions (Cooper et al. 2020)
In the Simonian & Brand (2022) article on feedback efficacy and preference, what were the two dependent variables that were measured?
Percentage of correct steps on the dice game and the cumulative selections of feedback types
Cooper et al., (2020) indicates four circumstances where extinction should not be used as a sole procedure; name three of them
The target behavior is harmful, reinforcement can't be controlled, when a rapid behavior reduction is required and when others may imitate the problem behavior
Name and describe the procedural variations of a differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior
Full session DRL, Interval DRL, and Spaced Responding DRL
This has been studied in a range of animals from lab rats to humans and is a phylogenetic response to aversive stimulation such as pain. (be specific)
Reflexive Aggression
Name two things that should be tried/completed before implementing a punishment procedure
The use of a positive reinforcement procedure and a functional assessment to determine the function of the behavior targeted for reduction.
In the Verriden & Roscoe (2019) paper they highlighted the use of a punisher assessment to choose a punishment procedure to include in a treatment package, what are five of punishment procedures they tested in the assessment.
Hands down, Reprimands, Contingent Demands, Response Blocking, Response cost and Overcorrection
Resurgence and Spontaneous Recovery are both side effects of extinction, describe how they differ.
Resurgence occurs when an alternative behavior in the same response class is put on extinction and the previous behavior reoccurs. Spontaneous Recovery does not require an alternative behavior.
Negative reinforcement can often be confused for punishment. What are the two reasons noted in Cooper et al. (2020) for this confusion. (Hint vocabulary and procedural similarity)
The term negative can be looked at as "bad" or "opposite" in lay language. Procedurally both require aversive stimuli