PA
How many phonemes are in the word 'ice?'
/i/ /s/ = 2 phonemes
What are syllables and what is a strategy to help children become aware of them?
A syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound and that is pronounced as a unit. So, for example, 'book' has one syllable, and 'reading' has two syllables. When we make a vowel sound our jaw drops.
What is fluency in reading? What is the role of automaticity in developing fluency?
Automaticity is the fast, effortless word recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice. Fluency is the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. When reading aloud, fluent readers read in phrases and add intonation appropriately.
What is word consciousness?
Word consciousness is an awareness of and interest in words.
What is the 4th grade slump and why do some children experience it?
Jeanne Chall first defined the fourth-grade reading slump in 1983 as the time when many students fall behind in reading. This occurs because of the change in academic language required to read grade-level content texts. Starting around the fourth grade, reading shifts from “learning to read” to “reading to learn” with the inclusion of a more extensive vocabulary, a heavier content load and a need for more background knowledge.
How many phonemes are in the word 'let?'
/l/ /e/ /t/ = 3 phonemes
What are 3 ways to spell the /k/ sound in English?
The sound /k/ can be spelled as c, k, or ck.
In what situation might a skilled reader, read slowly and or laboriously?
Even very skilled readers may read in a slow, labored manner when reading texts with many unfamiliar words or topics. For example, readers who are usually fluent may not be able to read technical material fluently, such as a textbook about nuclear physics or an article in a medical journal.
How many meaningful parts (morphemes) are there in the word contracted?
Three. The prefix com, meaning with, that was changed to con so that it would match up with the t for easier pronunciation; the root tract meaning to pull, and the past tense ed. Contract should be grouped with retract, intractable, traction, and other words that share its root.
What is the Simple View of Reading?
The Simple View of Reading is a formula demonstrating the widely accepted view that reading has two basic components: word recognition (decoding) and language comprehension. Research studies show that a student’s reading comprehension score can be predicted if decoding skills and language comprehension abilities are known.
Decoding (D) x Language Comprehension (LC) = Reading Comprehension (RC)
Define PA
PA is the ability to hear and identify phonemes, the smallest units of sound.
Why is it useful to know if a student can read nonsense words such as flep,tridding, and pertollic?
The ability to read nonsense words demonstrates rapid and accurate association of sounds with symbols.
How fast should a second- or third-grader be able to read?
A minimum goal for oral reading fluency can be established by takingthe child’s age and multiplying by 10. A 7-year-old second-grader should be reading around 70 words per minute. By the end of third grade, children should read 100 words per minute in material at theirindependent reading level (at least 95 percent of words known).
What are word parts and how can studying them help children become better readers.
Prefixes, suffixes, and roots can help students learn and remember words; learning word parts is a useful strategy in reading content-area texts (e.g. science words that use the same word parts repeatedly, such as bio-in bio-sphere, biology, biodegradable, bioluminescence, and biochemical. Knowing that “bio” means life can help students recognize these words in context and add to their comprehension across content areas. E.g.in ELA - biography.
What is the role of prior knowledge in reading comprehension.
The more a reader knows about the topic the easier comprehension will be.
Can the words shoe, do, flew, and you be used for rhyming practice?
Yes. Rhyming should involve comparison and identification of spoken words that share a final vowel and consonant soundsequence. They do not have to be spelled the same way.
What does it mean if a 5-year-old child writes “pez tak me yet u?”
This is early phonetic spelling, shows fairly well developed awareness of speech sounds (phonological awareness)
What are some strategies for improving fluency in reading?
Researchers have found several effective techniques related to repeated oral reading: reading and rereading a text a certain number of times or until a certain level of fluency is reached. Four re-readings are sufficient for most students.
Is vocabulary learning a constrained or an unconstrained skill?
Name writing, alphabet knowledge, concepts about print, high-frequency word lists, and phonics can be considered highly constrained abilities (finite number of items to be learned, so mastery can occur within a short time span). Vocabulary learning is unconstrained as it is acquired across a lifetime.
Which student is using mental imagery as a comprehension tool?
a.Ramon, who draws pictures illustrating a story his dad told him to help him sleep
b. Maya, who forms a picture in his mind of a playground when his mom reads to him from a story called Recess in First Grade
c. Claire, who tells a story about a penguin to her little sister, Ruthie
What sounds might children confuse with /p/ and what can a teacher do to help children avoid confusion?
The /b/is articulated exactly like the /p/, except that it is voiced—the vocal cords get involved right away with /b/. Sometimes children con-fuse /p/, /b/, and /m/, again because they are all produced with the lipstogether. A teacher can point this out to children and then have them practice identifying, saying, reading, and spelling the sesounds in contrasting words
Which words do good readers skip as they read along at a good pace?
Almost none. Good readers process every letter of almost every word when they read.
Why should teachers continue to do read-alouds in the upper elementary grades?
Listening to an adult model fluent reading gives students a chance to hear how the written text should sound, demonstrates fluency to students and serves as a strategy for building fluency.
What does the term tiered vocabulary?
Tiered vocabulary is an organizational framework for categorizing words. It consists of three different word levels, or tiers, and each level has its own implications for instruction.
Can reading comprehension be taught?
Yes, but as part of the reading process, not as isolated skills with extensive practice. Reading comprehension strategies have their place in beginning reading, content reading, and reading intervention classes, but not as substitutes for reading concepts and skills.