Hindbrain
connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and arousal. It includes structures like the medulla and pons.
Brain stem
is a group of brain structures involved in emotions, motivation, and memory. Key parts include the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.
Limbic System
located at the back of the brain, process visual information. They help interpret what you see, such as colors and shapes.
occipital lobes
a language disorder caused by brain damage.Can affects speech production and language comprehension
aphasia
located at the base of the brain stem and controls vital involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Medulla
relays sensory signals (except smell) to the appropriate parts of the cerebral cortex. It acts as the brain’s “sensory switchboard.”
Thalamus
located on the sides of the brain and are involved in hearing, language comprehension, and memory. They contain areas like Wernicke’s area.
temporal lobes
is the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience, learning, or injury. It is especially strong in young brains but continues throughout life.
Plasticity
a network of neurons in the brain stem that regulates wakefulness, arousal, and attention. It helps you stay alert and filters incoming sensory information.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
maintains homeostasis by regulating hunger, thirst, temperature, and sleep. It also controls the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
located in the left temporal lobe, is involved in understanding language. Damage can result in fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension.
Wernicke's area
records electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. It is commonly used to study sleep, seizures, and brain function.
(Electroencephalogram)
is activated by pleasurable stimuli such as food or social interaction. It plays a key role in motivation and addiction.
Reward Center
processes emotional responses, especially fear and aggression. It helps the brain recognize emotionally charged stimuli.
Amygdala
process sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain. They also help with spatial awareness and body positioning.
parietal lobes
measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. It provides detailed images of brain structures and shows which areas are active during specific tasks.
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
located at the back of the brain and coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and posture. It also plays a role in motor learning and timing
Cerebellum
essential for forming new long-term memories and for spatial navigation. Damage to this area can lead to memory loss or difficulty forming new memories.
Hippocampus
involved in planning, judgment, personality, and voluntary movement. They contain the motor cortex and prefrontal cortex.
frontal lobes
each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body. For example, the left hemisphere controls the right hand and vice versa.
Contralateral Hemispheric Organization