Neuroscience
From which of the following brain regions do dopaminergic neurons project to the limbic system?
A Brainstem
B Thalamus
C Substanstia Nigra
D Prefrontal Cortex
E Ventral Tegmental Area
E Ventral Tegmental Area
2017 Q 152
A Amygdala
B Hippocampus
C Basal ganglia
D Occipital cortex
E Nucleus Accumbens
A) Amygdala
2017 Q38
Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated structural differences in the grey and white matter development of patients with childhood onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to healthy controls. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques was used to detect these differences?
A Computed axial tomography
B Magnetic resonance imaging
C Positron-emission tomography
D Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
E Single-photon emission computed tomography
B) Magnetic resonance imaging
2018 Q 59
Compared to children with normally developing brains, children with autism spectrum disorder show which of the following neurological changes?
A Enlarged 4th ventricles
B Smaller cerebellar hemispheres
C Accelerated increase in brain volume
D Decreased rate of growth of frontal cortex
E Stronger connectivity between amygdala and fusiform gyrus
C) Accelerated increase in brain volume
2018 Q 172
Which of the following brain regions is part of the neurocircuitry implicated in monitoring ongoing behavior and responding to errors?
A Cerebellum
B Dorsal striatum
C Corpus callosum
D Inferior frontal cortex
E Anterior cingulate cortex
E) Anterior cingulate cortex
2018 Q 160
Which of the following structures is considered to be the gateway to cortical processing of incoming sensory information?
A Thalamus
B Amygdala
C Hippocampus
D Basal ganglia
E Nucleus accumbens
A) Thalamus
2018 Q 22
A four-year old is observed walking with a broad-based gait lurching from side to side. Which area of the brain is likely affected?
A Cerebellum
B Motor cortex
C Hippocampus
D Basal ganglia
E Corpus callosum
A) Cerebellum
2019 Q 131
Which of the following imaging modalities is best suited to rule out a pituitary tumor in a patient with anorexia nervosa?
A Computed tomography
B Magnetic resonance imaging
C Positron emission tomography
D Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
E Single-photon emission computed tomography
B) Magnetic resonance imaging
2017 Q 182
Poverty has been shown to be a risk factor for a broad range of negative outcomes for children. Animal stress-models and human studies have most consistently shown associated structural changes, along with recent findings of functional connectivity changes, in which of the following brain regions?
A Thalamus
B Cerebellum
C Hippocampus
D Prefrontal cortex
E Corpus callosum
C) Hippocampus
2018 Q 62
A 16-year old is robbed at gunpoint. In response to this fearful stimulus, the amygdala sends projections to which of the following nuclei stimulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone and subsequent corticosteroid release?
A Arcuate nucleus
B Nucleus ambiguous
C Parabrachial nucleus
D Paraventricular nucleus
E Dorsolateral tegmental nucleus
D) Paraventricular nucleus
2018 Q 99
A non-human primate is exposed to cocaine for one year. Compared to a positron emission tomography scan from one year ago, a current scan would most likely demonstrate which of the following changes?
A Increased 5HT receptors
B Decreased 5HT receptors
C Increased D2 receptors
D Decreased D2 receptors
E Increased GABA receptors
D) Decreased D2 receptors
2017 Q45
While awaiting psychiatric evaluation in the emergency department, a psychotic 17-year old patient experiences a seizure. Which of the following is the most likely pathological finding on magnetic resonance imaging scan?
A Right posterior infiltrate
B Left frontal enlargement
C Lesion in the left temporal lobe
D Right temporal hypometabolism
E Bilateral enlargement of the basal ganglia
C) Lesion in the left temporal lobe
2017 Q 71
A researcher wants to study the distribution of D1 receptors in the brains of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques would be best for the researcher to select in designing the study?
A Computed tomography
B Diffusion tensor imaging
C Magnetoencephalography
D Positron Emission Tomography
E Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D) Positron Emission Tomography
2018 Q15
Which part of the brain is most associated with working memory?
A Caudate
B Amygdala
C Hippocampus
D Prefrontal cortex
E Anterior parietal lobe
D) Prefrontal cortex
2018 Q 92
Deep brain stimulation has been well-studied and is recommended for children and adolescents with which of the following conditions?
A Epilepsy
B Dystonia
C Major depressive disorder
D Obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) Dystonia
2017 Q 192
The central nuclei of the amygdalae facilitate initiation of the fear response through their anatomical projections to the hypothalamus as well as through intrinsic release of which of the following substances?
A Dopamine
B Acetylcholine
C Noradrenaline
D Corticotropin-releasing hormone
E Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) Corticotropin-releasing hormone
2017 Q 147
A high-school football player suffers a concussion during a game. Six months later, the patient presents with complaints that he is more forgetful than before the injury and has trouble organizing things. On neurological testing he demonstrates deficits in his working memory. Given the clinical findings, the area of the brain most likely to have been impacted is the:
A Prefrontal cortex
B Medial temporal lobe
C Inferotemporal cortex
D CA1 region of his hippocampus
E Somatosensory association cortex
A) Prefrontal cortex
2018 Q 122
Diffusion tensor imaging may be useful in studying neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia because it provides information about:
A Normal and abnormal cerebellar functioning
B Glucose metabolism in cortical structures
C Rates of apoptosis in the prefrontal cortex
D The orientation and integrity of white matter tracts
E The cytoarchitecture of deep nuclei
D) The orientation and integrity of white matter tracts
2017 Q 162
Which of the following brain regions is implicated in selectively processing faces, and thought to be implicated in the neuropathology of autism spectrum disorder?
A Thalamus
B Hippocampus
C Prefrontal Cortex
D Corpus Collosum
E Lateral fusiform gyrus
E) Lateral fusiform gyrus
2017 Q 121
Substance-induced neurocognitive disorder due to inhalant abuse should be considered in a patient with which of the following computed tomography scan findings? (PICK 2)
A Subarachnoid hemorrhage
B Hydrocephalus and brain atrophy
C Global cerebral and cerebellar atrophy
D Areas of hypoattenuation in the left occipital and parietal lobe
E Loss of brain mass in the thalamus, basal ganglia, pons, and cerebellum
C) Global cerebral and cerebellar atrophy
&
E) Loss of brain mass in the thalamus, basal ganglia, pons, and cerebellum
2019 Q 44
Which of the following brain regions is part of the neurocircuitry implicated in response inhibition?
A Cerebellum
B Dorsal striatum
C Corpus callosum
D Inferior frontal cortex
E Anterior cingulate cortex
D) Inferior frontal cortex
2018 Q 53
Children presenting with failure of upward gaze, lid retraction, convergence nystagmus, and pupils that react better to accommodation than direct light are most likely to have tumors in what brain region?
A Thalamus
B Pineal gland
C Optic pathway
D Hypothalamus
E Posterior fossa
B) Pineal gland
2019 Q43
Which of the following methods of analyzing magnetic resonance imaging scan data involves warping individuals brain scans into a standard volume, shape and spatial orientation that permits the superimposing of different subjects’ data on one another?
A Voxel-based analysis
B Default mode methodology
C Tissue segmentation analysis
D Subtraction methodology
E Region of interest based analysis
A) Voxel-based analysis
2018 Q 125
Which of the following structures has been most consistently demonstrated to be important in fear extinction learning?
A Cingulate gyrus
B Fusiform gyrus
C Nucleus accumbens
D Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
E Lateral nucleus of the amygdala
D) Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
2018 Q 110
Depersonalization experiences have been associated with which of the following neuroanatomic areas? (PICK 2)
A Amygdala
B Parietal lobe
C Occipital lobe
D Prefrontal cortex
E Corpus callosum
B) Parietal lobe
&
C) Occipital lobe
2019 Q 110