The Cell Membrane
The word "regulate" means......
to control
Which type of transport requires energy? What is this energy called?
Active transport uses ATP as the energy source.
Name the four nitrogen bases AND match them correctly.
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
What nitrogen base substitutes for Thymine in the language of RNA?
Uracil
Proteins are made of building blocks called......
these are made by the ribosomes.
Amino Acids --> many amino acids will be assembled together to form PROTEINS
The garbage and recycling center of the cell
Lysosome
What does "selectively permeable" mean?
Some stuff can come in, some stuff cannot.
Give the definition for the following prefixes:
Iso-
Hypo-
Hyper-
Iso --> "same"
Hypo --> "less or too little"
Hyper --> "more or too much"
True or False:
During replication, there is a mistake in about every 1 in 10 million nucleotides.
False....it's actually about 1 in 10 BILLION.
The speed and accuracy of replication is AMAZING!
In which cell part does translation occur?
The Ribosome
2 part question.....
Use this codon to find the 1)anticodon, and 2)amino acid that will be produced.
ACC
Anticodon is UGG
Amino Acid is Tryptophan
If you have ever had the urge to take a nap after eating lots of turkey (Thanksgiving), it is because turkey is high in tryptophan.
This phospholipid bilayer structure separates the internal parts of the cell from the outside world. It regulates the flow of materials entering and leaving the cell.
The cell membrane
The cell membrane is made of 4 major molecules....name 2 of them.
Lipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
What are the three types of passive transport?
Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
DNA nucleotides are made up of 3 basic parts.....name all 3.
1. nitrogen base (A-T-C-G)
2. deoxyribose sugar
3. phosphate group
Name two major differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single helix.
The main function of DNA is to copy itself. The major function of RNA is to deliver and carry out the instructions for living organisms.
DNA has thymine with adenine, RNA pairs adenine with uracil.
What are the two stages of gene expression?
Transcription --> copy the instructions
Translation --> carry out the instructions
This cell part contains all of the cell's DNA and is filled with nucleoplasm.
Nucleus
What word means "the maintenance of a stable internal environment even though outside conditions are constantly changing"?
Homeostasis
What do these two prefixes mean?
Endo- as in "endocytosis"
Exo- as in "exocytosis"
Endo - "inside" endocytosis brings material into the cell
Exo - "outside" exocytosis moves material to the outside of the cell
There are 3 things a gene must be capable of doing.....Name 2 of them.
1. Carry genetic information from one generation to the next
2. Express genetic information as traits in an organism
3. Copy its own genetic material so the cell can divide and the organism can grow
Timed Question --> 20 seconds
Give the triplet sequence for the START codon and 2 of the STOP codons.
Start --> AUG (methionine)
Stop --> UAG, UAA, UGA
Sometimes, changes are made to the DNA by mistake - a base is skipped, an incorrect base is inserted, etc. These mistakes can be helpful, harmful, or harmless.
What are these mistakes called?
Mutations
We will study mutations more as we move into the genetics unit.
Name the two parts of a ribosome
Large subunit
small subunit
There are many things your body must balance to maintain homeostasis. Name 3 of them.
Temperature
water content of cells
uptake of nutrients
sugar in blood
blood pressure
Many, many others.......
What do protein pumps have to use in order to move material against the concentration gradient (uphill)?
ATP, which is used as an energy source
Describe a "replication fork".
a "Y" shaped region at the end of each replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are getting longer.
Name the 3 major types of RNA.
Messenger mRNA
Transfer tRNA
Ribosomal rRNA
The ribosome links amino acids into long chains with what type of bonds?
peptide bonds
The resulting "polypeptide" chains are sent to the ER and Golgi Apparatus to be folded into proteins.
"poly-" means MANY
This cell part makes up the highway and transportation system inside the cell. It moves materials where they need to be for processing.
Endoplasmic reticulum