1
What is the name of the first Crusade?
The First Crusade.
Who called the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II.
What city were Crusaders trying to reach?
Jerusalem.
Name one kingdom that sent knights to the Crusades.
France, England, or the Holy Roman Empire
What religion were most Crusaders?
Christian.
Which city did Crusaders capture in 1099?
Jerusalem.
Which Crusader state’s fall caused the Second Crusade?
Edessa.
Who led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade?
Saladin.
What was the main goal of the Crusades?
To retake the Holy Land.
What agreement ended the Third Crusade in 1192?
The Treaty of Jaffa.
What event triggered the First Crusade?
The Council of Clermont (1095) and Pope Urban II’s call for holy war.
What was the main reason the County of Edessa fell in 1144?
It was poorly defended and attacked by Zengi.
Name one major victory achieved by Richard the Lionheart in the Third Crusade.
The Battle of Arsuf (1191).
What promise did Pope Urban II give to Crusaders?
Forgiveness of sins (indulgence).
How did Frederick Barbarossa’s death affect the Third Crusade?
German forces lost their leader and most troops turned back.
Why did the People’s Crusade fail before the main armies arrived in the Holy Land?
They were poorly trained, lacked discipline, and were wiped out by the Seljuks.
What tactic helped the Crusaders win the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099?
Using large siege towers to break over the city walls.
Why did the German and French armies struggle crossing Anatolia in the Second Crusade?
Harsh terrain, lack of supplies, and constant Seljuk attacks.
What issue caused tension between Richard the Lionheart and Philip II during the Third Crusade?
Disagreements over leadership, territory, and Richard’s refusal to share spoils.
Why did Saladin choose diplomacy to end the Third Crusade?
His army was exhausted, and a truce preserved Muslim control while avoiding further losses.
Which strategic mistake by the Crusaders during the Second Crusade led directly to the disastrous defeat at Damascus in 1148?
They changed their attack position and moved to a weaker side of Damascus with no water or protection.
What political relationship between Nur ad-Din and Saladin helped unify Muslim forces before the Third Crusade?
Saladin was Nur ad-Din’s vassal and later successor, uniting Syria and Egypt under one command.
How did Byzantine–Crusader tensions during the First Crusade influence Crusader actions at Antioch?
Crusaders ignored their oath to return captured lands and kept Antioch for themselves, worsening relations.
Why was the Battle of Hattin (1187) the turning point that made the Third Crusade unavoidable?
Saladin destroyed the Crusader army and captured the True Cross, leading to the fall of Jerusalem.
How did internal conflicts among the Crusader states weaken Latin Christian power before the Third Crusade?
Rivalries over succession, territory, and leadership left them divided and unable to defend effectively.