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Purpose
Theoretical Construct
Design
Evidence
100

What is the target population of the cycles approach?

Preschool-aged children with severe speech sound disorders/phonological processes


100

What does it mean for children to be actively involved in their treatment?

The child needs to have some stake in the treatment/enjoy it. Clinicians should choose play production activities (e.g. bowling)

100

What are you looking for when evaluating a child's phonological system?

  1. strengths/weaknesses

  2. severity level

  3. stimulability of sounds

  4. obtain baseline measures & direct intervention plans

100

Is the cycles approach validated by strong empirical evidence?

NO

200

True or False: In the cycles approach, targets are mastered one at a time before moving onto the next

FALSE!
200

True or False: Children with normal hearing typically acquire the adult sound system by listening

True

200
What is 1 assessment tool used for phonological evaluation?

1. Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation (GFTA-3)

2. Hodson Assessment of Phonological Patterns (HAPP-3)

3. Percentage of consonants correct (PCC)

200

What are some limitations of the literature?

1. small sample size

2. modified cycles approach

3. short treatment cycles

4. varied outcomes

5. outcome measures?

300

What is the goal of the cycles approach?


a) master individual phonemes

b) system-wide change of the phonological system

c) support academic vocabulary 

d) to waste time

b) system wide change of the phonological system

300

True or False: A clinician should select “cat” as a target for a child who demonstrates velar fronting due to alveolar assimilation effects.

FALSE

Clinicians should choose words in which the only potential error is the target!

300

True or False: It is not necessary to target every deficient sound

TRUE

300

What are some strengths of the cycles approach?

1. adaptable & easily replicated

2. helps children become intelligible by "critical age"

3. widely used in clinical practice

400

How do you choose targets within a child's ZPD?

Determine the level that matches with the child's system and begin one step above that
400
What is an example of a phonological awareness activity?

1. phoneme identity

2. phoneme blending

3. phoneme segmentation

4. phoneme manipulation

400

What are 3 components that go into a treatment session?

1. auditory stimulation/bombardment

2. production practice

3. probe for stimulability

4. metaphonological activities

5. auditory stimulation/bombardment (again)

6. home programming

400
What are some recommendations for obtaining higher quality evidence?

1. larger sample sizes

2. don't use modification of design

3. consider outcome measures

4. randomized control trial