Anatomy + Physiology
True/False
The Esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are all part of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Why?
False. The duodenum is part of the lower GI tract in the Alimentary Canal structures.
Upper GI tract: the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.
What is digestion?
a. The process of absorbing nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
b. The breakdown of food into smaller, absorbable components through mechanical and chemical processes.
c. The elimination of waste products from the body.
d. The production of energy from food in the mitochondria.
b. The breakdown of food into smaller, absorbable components through mechanical and chemical processes.
Which of the following is NOT one of the major salivary glands in the human body?
a. Parotid gland
b. Sublingual gland
c. Submandibular gland
d. Thyroid gland
d. Thyroid gland
What are the 2 ways the digestive tract can be divided into?
Alimentary canal and Accessory organs
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
a. Production of bile
b. Storage and concentration of bile
c. Regulation of digestive enzymes
d. Absorption of nutrients
b. Storage and concentration of bile
Name the structures that are part of the Accessory Digestive organs. (5)
Tongue & teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Which of the following statements is true about the extrinsic and intrinsic control of digestive processes?
a. Extrinsic control is managed entirely by the enteric nervous system, while intrinsic control involves the central nervous system.
b. Extrinsic control involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS), while intrinsic control is managed by the enteric nervous system (ENS)
c. Both extrinsic and intrinsic control are regulated solely by hormones in the digestive system
d. Extrinsic control is responsible for peristalsis, while intrinsic control regulates enzyme secretion
b. Extrinsic control involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS), while intrinsic control is managed by the enteric nervous system (ENS)
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the large intestine?
a. cecum
b. jejunum
c. ascending colon
d. sigmoid colon
b. jejunum
What is the primary role of the stomach in the digestive system?
a. to absorb most of the nutrients from food
b. to produce bile for fat digestion
c. to store, mix and break down food into chyme using acids and enzymes
d. to filter toxins from ingested food
c. to store, mix and break down food into chyme using acids and enzymes
Which part of the pancreas is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes?
a. Exocrine pancreas
b. Endocrine pancreas
c. Pancreatic duct
d. Pancreatic acini
a. Exocrine pancreas
What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract walls from innermost to outermost?
a. Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa
b. Submucosa, Mucosa, Serosa, Muscularis Externa
c. Serosa, Muscularis Externa, Submucosa, Mucosa
d. Muscularis Externa, Serosa, Mucosa, Submucosa
a. Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa
Mix & Match the section of the small intestine to its primary function
1. Duodenum
2. Ileum
3. Jejunum
a. absorbs most nutrients, including sugars and amino acids
b.absorbs remaining nutrients, especially vitamin B12 and bile salts
c. receives chyme from the stomach and mixes it with bile and pancreatic enzymes
1. Duodenum --> C
2. Ileum --> B
3. Jejunum --> A
What is the name of the part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine?
a. Cardia
b. Fundus
c. Body
d. Pylorus
d. Pylorus
Which part of the liver is responsible for the production of bile?
a. Hepatocytes
b. Kupffer cells
c. Bile ducts
d. Liver sinusoids
a. Hepatocytes
What function does the large intestine play in absorption of water & electrolytes?
It is responsible for absorbing the remaining water from the chyme, ensuring that water isn't lost which can lead to dehydration & absorption of electrolytes are important because they are vital for maintaining fluid balance and other bodily functions.
Which of the following pairs of cranial nerves are primarily responsible for stimulating saliva production?
a. Trigeminal nerve (V) & Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
b. Olfactory nerve (I) & Optic nerve (II)
c. Facial nerve (VII) & Accessory nerve (XI)
d. Facial nerve (VII) & Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
d. Facial nerve (VII) & Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference between the absorption of minerals and vitamins in the human body?
a. Minerals are absorbed primarily in the stomach, while vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine
b. Minerals are absorbed as ions, while vitamins are absorbed in their intact organic forms or precursors
c. vitamins require active transport for absorption, while minerals rely solely on passive diffusion
d. vitamins are absorbed as ions, while vitamins are absorbed in their intact organic forms or as precursors
b. minerals are absorbed as ions, while vitamins are absorbed in their intact organic forms or precursors
What is the name of the valve that separates the stomach from the small intestine?
A) Lower esophageal sphincter
B) Pyloric sphincter
C) Ileocecal valve
D) Houston's valve
b. pyloric sphincter
What are the 4 types of cells in villi (mucosa) & what are their functions?
Absorptive cells: secrete digestive enzymes & absorb nutrients, increasing surface area due to microvili & brush border cells make sure nutrients aren't lost and make it to the LI
Goblet cells: secrete mucus and are found throughout digestive tract
Enteroendocrine cells: secret hormones
Paneth cells: secrete enzymes
True/ False
The stomach contains secretory cells in the form of exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
True the stomach contains exocrine glands which have ducts that carry secretions into the stomach & endocrine glands which secrete hormones into the blood.
What is the name of the hormone that inhibits the secretion of gastric acid?
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin
D. Somatostatin
D. Somatostatin
Which of the following best describes the complete process of nutrient utilization in the body?
a. Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
b. Metabolic conversion of nutrients into energy or cellular structures
c. Transport of nutrients to cells throughout the body
d. Absorption, metabolic conversion, and transport of nutrients
d. Absorption, metabolic conversion, and transport of nutrients.
What are the two types of gastric motility?
Peristalsis and segmentation
Which of the following best explains how dysfunction of the exocrine pancreas can indirectly impair endocrine function?
a. pancreatic enzyme deficiency leads to impaired digestion and nutrient absorption, which can result in malnutrition and reduced insulin production
b. chronic inflammation of the pancreas only affects the exocrine function and has no impact on endocrine hormone secretion
c. exocrine enzyme secretion directly stimulates insulin release, so a decrease in enzyme production leads to diabetes
d. the loss of bicarbonate secretion from the exocrine pancreas causes acidosis, which inhibits glucagon secretion but does not affect insulin levels
a. pancreatic enzyme deficiency leads to impaired digestion and nutrient absorption, which can result in malnutrition and reduced insulin production
What is the difference between Acute and Chronic gastritis? and what causes each of them?
Acute gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to local irritants. (ex: local irritants are endotoxins, heavy alcohol consumption, etc.)
Chronic gastritis is a progressive irreversible atrophy of the stomach epithelium due to prolonged inflammation which can lead to mucosal degeneration, metaplasia & dysplasia. (example of causes presence of bacteria, autoimmune, etc.)