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GI Tract
Liver
Enzymes
Hormonal Regulation
Stomach
100
This system processes, digests, and absorbs water, inorganic salts, macromolecules, and micronutrients.
What is the GI tract or digestive tract.
100
This organ is responsible for drug detoxification, filtration of blood, hormone production, and bile formation.
What is the liver?
100
These proteins speed up chemical reactions by binding substrate(s) and lowering the activation energy of reactions.
What are enzymes?
100
This number of hormones regulates the GI system. these are their names.
What are 5 hormones gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP, and somatostatin?
100
These are the three functions of the stomach.
What are holding food, mixing it into chyme, and releasing it to the small intestine?
200
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder pancreas, and teeth.
What are the accessory structures?
200
This blood vessel is found in the center of the lobule.
What is the central vein?
200
These two regions of the digestive tract produce amylases, enzymes that break down starches.
What are the mouth and pancreas?
200
This hormone, secreted by the small intestine, reduces gastric secretion and motility.
What is gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
200
Name that sphincter! Food enters through this sphincter and exits through this sphincter.
What are the cardiac and pyloric sphincters?
300
In order, the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and the serosa.
What are the layers of the alimentary canal from inside to outside?
300
This substance, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, contains waste products, bicarbonate, and certain salts.
What is bile?
300
Given the the peptide Gly-Gly-Pro-His, these are the possible amino acids, dipeptides, and dipeptides that can be formed by peptidases. (Name one of each.)
What are... Amino Acids: Gly, Pro, His Dipeptides: Gly-Gly, Gly-Pro, Pro-His Tripeptides: Gly-Gly-Pro, Gly-Pro-His
300
High intestinal acidity triggers the release of this hormone, which has the following effect on the gallbladder.
What is secretin, the hormone that causes bicarbonate secretion.
300
This substance released by the parietal cells binds to vitamin B12.
What is intrinsic factor?
400
This type of smooth muscle contraction occurs in the GI tract, leading to pulsating waves of contraction.
What is phasic contraction?
400
This component of bile is important for the absorption of lipid soluble molecules such as fats and some vitamins.
What are the bile salts?
400
These classes pancreatic enzymes break down proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Give an example of each.
What are proteases: - trypsin/ogen, chemotrypsi/ogen, carboxypeptidases A and B carb-digesting - alpha-amylase lipases - pancreatic lipase nucleases - DNAse, RNAse
400
These stomach conditions stimulate release of gastrin by the stomach. These conditions inhibit its release.
What are high peptide/amino acid concentrations and distension? What is low pH.
400
These components are found in gastric juice. This is found in gastric mucus.
What are pepsin, HCl, and intrinsic factor? What is bicarbonate?
500
The application of this drug inhibits contraction of GI smooth muscle and has no effect on vascular smooth muscle.
Atropine. It affects muscarinic receptors found on GI smooth muscle.
500
Bicarbonate in bile is _____, which is important in the digestive tract because __________.
Alkaline/basic. It neutralizes HCl in the chyme released from the stomach, keep the intestine at the optimal pH for digestion.
500
This enzyme in the stomach is responsible for protein breakdown, but it only works at this pH.
What is pepsin, which works at pH < 1?
500
These two hormones both inhibit gastric motility.
What are secretin and GIP.
500
This process involves the rhythmic contraction of the stomach smooth muscle to mix and release food/chyme. It is promoted by this hormone.
What is gastric motility and gastrin?