Foundings and Discoveries
William Harvey published a small book of 72 pages titled "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals." What does he conclude about the direction of the blood throughout the whole body?
The movement in circular/the blood moves in circulation through the whole body, pumped by the heart!
The heart was not seen as a circulating organ. According the Galen, what was the purpose of the heart?
(William Harvey, in talking about the facts of the heart given to him from Realdo Colombo) "the task so truly arduous and full of ____, that I was almost tempted to think, with Fracastorius, that the motion of the heart was only to be comprehended by God."
Difficulties
What is the purpose the contraction of the muscles in the heart?
To pump the blood to the various parts of the body
*FUN FACT: The muscles around the atriums contract pushing blood into the larger cavities, the ventricles. The ventricles contract pushing blood to the arteries.
Realdo Colombo, successor to Vesalius, provided William Harvey with two facts in his conclusion about the movement of blood through the body. (Fill in the blank of the first) "The first was the fact, which had not been known to Vesalius, that the blood passed from the ____ ventricle of the heart into the ____ by way of the lungs." ("The second was the accurate description of the workings of the heart, and the prope meaning of expansion and contraction.")
"The first was the fact, which had not been known to Vesalius, that the blood passed from the RIGHT ventricle of the heart into the LEFT by way of the lungs."
According to Hippocrates and Galen, the health of the body meant that what vital substance(s) were at perfect equilibrium. This meant that an imbalance of this substance would lead to disease.
The humors!!
Addition and Subtraction
The heart can be split up into two halves. These two halves each contain two different cavities. What are the names of these cavities?
Atrium and Ventricle!
*FUN FACT: The right atrium and ventricle receive the blood from the body and transfers it to the lungs to be oxygenated via capillaries. The left atrium and ventricle do the opposite; they receive the oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the rest of the body via arteries.
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli applied his knowledge of what area of study to the science of medicine, becoming the founder of a new branch of study?
a. Astronomy b. Theology c. Physics d. Horticulture
c. Physics
"Borelli became the founder of "iatrophysics", the application of physics to medicine. He took the physical principles that he had been applying to the motions of fluids, and the eruption of Mt. Edna in 1669, and turned them inward on the human body."
What three spirits, according to Galen, were found in the body? (The spirits changed from one form to another as the blood carried them through the body)
(a note from Henry Oldenburg) "the French naturalists are more discursive than active or experimental. In the meantime the ___ proverb is true: Words are ___, facts ___."
Italian, Feminine, Masculine
Where are red blood cells made?
Bone Marrow!!
Marcello Malpighi discovered what structure of the circulatory system?
*BONUS: What group of animals have an entire circulatory structure named after Marcello Malpighi?
Capillaries
*Insects!
According to Galen, what was the purpose of breathing? What function was the breath responsible for?
a. to balance the humors b. to cool the flame of the heart c. to aid in the digestion of nutrients d. to give the Holy Spirit some air conditioning
"Galen explained that the purpose of breathing was to cool the flame in the heart, and to produce the natural, animal, and vital spirits that kept the organism alive and growing."
(In Marcello Malpighi letters to Giovanni Alfonso Borelli) "I have sacrificed almost the whole race of ___, something that did not come to pass even in Homer's savage battle between the ___ and the ___."
Frogs, Frogs, and Mice
How many chambers of the heart do we (and our other fellow mammals and some other animals) have? What is the advantage of having this number of chambers?
Four chambers, better separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Marcello Malpighi advanced and founded two new branches of the natural sciences. Name both:
a. Embryology and Phytotomy b. Dermatology and Phytotomy c. Embryology and Dentistry d. Taxonomy and Horticulture
a. Embryology and Phytotomy
*Embryology: the study of embryo development, Phytotomy: the study of the anatomy of plants, Dermatology: the study of the skin, Dentistry: the study of teeth, Taxonomy: the science of classification, Horticulture: the study of plant cultivation
(Fill in the blank)
"The rational in the ___ ruled sensation and motion, the irascibile in the ___ controlled the passions, and the concupiscible in the ___ gave nutrition."
Brain, Heart, and Liver
(the English clergyman Joseph Glanvill boasting about the Royal Society) "(this) great ferment of useful and generous knowledge, makes a ___ of all useful knowledge, and makes possible the mutual assistance that the ___ and theoretical part of ___ affords each other....the Royal Society... has done more than ___ of a notional way since ___ opened shop."
Bank, Practical, Physics, Philosophy, Aristotle
What are the three types of tubules that create the network of the circulatory system?
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
*BONUS: What is the purpose of each one?