Chapter 1
Reasoning in the abstract.
Mostly deductive.
Concentrates on understanding the form of an argument.
Can be analyzed using symbols.
What is Formal Logic?
The term, the proposition, and the argument.
What are the three basic building blocks of categorical logic?
The arrangement of terms and words in a proposition so that the proposition either affirms (supports) or negates (denies) something about a specific topic.
What is Categorical Form?
The relationship between A and O propositions and E and I propositions. They cannot both be true/false at the same time. One must be true and the other false.
What is Contradictory?
Change the quality of the subject and predicate terms in A, E, I, or O propositions.
What is Obversion?
Evaluating the end product of reasoning.
Mostly inductive.
Concentrates on evaluating the content of an argument.
Deals with ordinary-language arguments in the interchange of ideas between people.
What is Informal Logic?
Simple apprehension, judgment, and inference.
What are the three acts of the mind?
The subject term in a proposition is represented by this letter, AND the predicate term is represented by this letter, AND the verb is called this.
What are S, P, and copula?
The relationship between A and E propositions. They cannot be true at the same time, but they can both be false at the same time.
What is Contrariety?
Switch the subject and predicate terms in an E or I proposition.
What is Conversion?
Starts with given propositions or axioms.
Evaluated as either valid or invalid.
Deals with certainty (given the premises).
What is Deductive Logic?
This occurs when we put things into groups, classes, or categories in our minds.
What is Simple Apprehension?
This is the positive or negative aspect of a proposition.
What is quality?
The relationship between I and O propositions. They can both be true at the same time, but they cannot both be false at the same time.
What is Subcontrariety?
Change the quality of the subject and predicate terms, switch the subject and predicate terms, and change the quality of the new subject and predicate terms in an A and O proposition.
What is Contraposition?
Starts with observations (use ad evidence).
Evaluated as either strong or weak.
Deals with probability.
What is Inductive Logic?
When we think about a relationship between two terms.
What is a Judgment?
The universal or particular aspect of a proposition.
What is quantity?
The relationship between A and I propositions and E and O propositions. The truth of the universal implies the truth of the particular.
What is Subimplication?
When two propositions or terms are identical to each other.
What is Logical Equivalence?
Basic building block is a category of things called a term.
Building blocks are connected by the "being" verb.
AND
Basic building block is a statement, called a proposition.
Building blocks are connected by logical operators.
What are Categorical AND Propositional Logic?
When, after making one or more judgment propositions, we conclude that yet another proposition necessarily follows from the first ones.
What is an Inference?
These are the four statements that represent the letters A, E, I, and O.
What are: All S is P, No S is P, Some S is P, and Some S is not P?
The relationship between A and I propositions and E and O propositions. The falsity of the particular implies the falsity of the universal.
What is Superimplication?
All S is P in Contraposition.
What is All non-P is non-S?