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2
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100
A religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500's.
Protestant Reformation
100
The intellectuals of the 18th - century Enlightenment.
Philosophes
100
In terms of The Enlightenment, this term refers to the educated upper and comfortable middle classes...
The Public
100
It is argued that The Enlightenment began in this country...though it really took off in France.
England
100
A place where civilians of all social classes could gather and discuss ideas.
Salons
200
Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control.
Oppression
200
Movement that took the ideas and methods of the Scientific Revolution and applied them to the betterment of society.
Intellectual Movement/Age of Reason/The Enlightenment
200
An implied agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, usually seen as sacrificing some individual freedom in exchange for state protection.
Social Contract
200
The political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty.
Absolutism
200
A series of events in the 16th and 17th centuries that marked the emergence of modern science, when developments in math, physics, astronomy, biology/anatomy, and chemistry that transformed the views of society about nature.
Scientific Revolution
300
This French philosophe and atheist created the Encyclopédie.
Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784)
300
Era marked by the years 1750 - 1914 in World History.
Modern Era
300
Theory that the Sun is the center of the solar system
Heliocentric
300
Methodology created by Sir Francis Bacon in the early 17th century. Later used by Locke, who applied it to the study of society.
Scientific Method
300
A ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way.
Despot
400
This individual created 95 Theses, stating what was wrong with the Catholic Church, and whose ideas founded the Christian sect known as Lutheranism.
Martin Luther (1483 - 1546)
400
The power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition.
Reason
400
In terms of The Enlightenment, this concept describes: a rational guiding principle to moral behavior, contrary to desires and wants. (Think: philosophe Immanuel Kant)
Categorical Imperative
400
The political theory that every person has certain, basic rights that a government cannot deny, no matter where they live.
Natural Rights
400
Theory that the Earth is the center of the solar system
Geocentric
500
A forcible overthrow of a government in favor of a new system.
Revolution
500
The name of Thomas Hobbes (English philosophe) famous publication describing "the natural state of humankind without government" -- summarizing it as: "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Leviathan
500
Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.
Deism
500
1. A body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct. 2. An observable law relating to natural phenomena.
Natural Law
500
This English king founded the Church of England (i.e. Anglicanism) because the Pope refused to allow him to divorce his wives for "not producing sons".
King Henry VIII
600
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
Popular Sovereignty
600
This English philosophe believed in "strong central government", that the ideal form of leadership was an "absolute monarchy", and that humanity's "natural rights" were "to survive through the use of reason and judgement".
Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)
600
This English philosophe (who inspired the future works of many other philosophes) believed "people voluntarily joined a social contract", and that people's natural rights were: "life, liberty, and property".
John Locke (1632 - 1704)
600
This word describes: movement for deeper personal relationship with God, also sometimes called "dry religion". ("a 17th century religious movement originating in Germany in reaction to formalism and intellectualism and stressing Bible study and personal religious experience." - Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
Pietism
600
The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior or political views.
Liberty
700
This French philosophe inspired many French and American revolutionaries, especially with his ideas on: checks and balances, separation of powers (including concepts of legislative, executive, and judicial branches), and that peoples' natural rights were "the freedom to do what laws permit".
Montesquieu (1689 - 1755)
700
This philosophe is considered to be the founder of modern feminism. She wrote Vindication on the Rights of Women, 1792, arguing reason is innate in all humans -- including women.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 - 1797)
700
This French philosophe was a mathematician, physicist, and teacher to Voltaire. She helped popularized science and advocated for making concepts/education accessible to more people.
Emilie du Chatelet (1706 - 1749)
700
This philosophe believed "the ideal government is a direct democracy and that laws should protect individuals' freedoms". He believed that natural rights included "life and liberty" and criticized the concept of private property.
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
700
This Prussian philosophe believed: Rationality = Practicality = Morality = Freedom.
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
800
In the context of "The Modern Era" (1750 - 1914): means "to think for oneself, not rely on knowledge from others, organizations, or institutions (reason explains everything, nothing on faith alone, and rationalism)
Enlightenment
800
This English philosophe wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 1697 and argued "women need to be educated and ought to be equal partners with their husbands". She also stated: "If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?"
Mary Astell (1666 - 1731)
800
This French religious scholar believed "good works were not how one received salvation", but through faith and predestination. A Christian sect is named after him.
John Calvin (1509 - 1564)
800
This French philosophe was a royal historian, playwright, philosophical author, and staunch supporter of the Freedom of Speech. He was Deist but also a large proponent of religious toleration, critic of the French government, and wrote the famous satirical work Candide.
Francois Marie Arouet (a.k.a. Voltaire; 1694 - 1778)
800
The ______ not only weakened the power of the Church but also of European governments, creating greater opportunities for the spread of democracy.
The Reformation
