Show:
The -isms
Science & the Enlightenment
Enlightenment Thinkers
France & the Enlightenment
Potpourri
100
A Protestant movement that grew during the 18th century. Founded by John Wesley, this movement found their main support among the poor of the new industrial towns in England and in the frontier communities of the United States.
What is Methodism?
100
A scientist whose invention of calculus helped him prove the existence of an universal gravitation.
Who was Isaac Newton?
100
He was a French writer, critic, and reformer. His mockery of the regent for the French king led his imprisonment in 1717. His most famous satire, Candide, attacked war and religious persecution as well as aristocratic privilege and the power of clerics.
Who is Voltaire?
100
The city where the Enlightenment began.
What is Paris?
100
An economic theory based on the belief that individuals should freely pursue their own economic interests. This theory was founded by Adam Smith.
What is laissez-faire?
200
An art style faithful to the High Renaissance and emphasizing clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design.
What is classicism?
200
The single most important factor in the creation of a new worldview of the Enlightenment. It resulted from abbelief in scientific methods to solve not only the mysteries of the universe, but also everyday problems of people on earth.
What is the Scientific Revolution?
200
He was a Scottish philosopher who focused on economic policy. He believed the force of the economy should be the “invisible hand” of competition, and not the forceful hand of government.
Who was Adam Smith?
200
These were regular social gatherings that brought the wealthy together with philosophers, writers, artists,scientists, and other great intellects to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances. These gatherings usually took place in Paris in the large drawing rooms of wealthy urban women.
What are Parisian salons?
200
A movement based on the belief that religion and reason could be combined.
What is deism?
300
A movement that cultivated individualism, reverence for the natural world, idealism, physical and emotional passion, and an interest in the mystic and supernatural. Its influence was felt across continents and through every artistic discipline into the mid-nineteenth century.
What is romanticism?
300
A favorite word of Enlightenment thinkers, it referred to the application of the methods of natural science to examine and understand many aspects of life.
What is reason?
300
He edited, over a period of 25 years, The Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts. The Encyclopedia was placed on the Catholic Church’s Index of Forbidden Books by the pope.
Who was Denis Diderot?
300
The language spoken in most royal courts. It was considered an international language as most educated Europeans could speak and read it.
What is French?
300
The founder of modern western feminism,she was an English writer who was an advocate for women's rights.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
400
A Protestant movement that emphasized the personal inner religious experience as opposed to ceremony and formality. The followers of this movement became particularly notable for their resolute and radical rejection of participation in war.
What is Quakerism?
400
Published in 1687, this book showed that all motion that could be timed and measured could be described by the same mathematical formulas. It explained that the key feature of Newton synthesis was the law of universal gravitation.
What is Principia Mathematica?
400
He was an author, philosopher, and, though, critical of the French government, a high-ranking French judge. His political thoughts shaped the three branches model of government that was characterized by separation of powers and checks and balances.
Who was the baron de Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)?
400
What the French Enlightenment thinkers supported. They did not approve of absolutism and wanted to spread the recognition of individual freedoms and political rights. Their goals challenged the traditional authority of the French monarchy, and eventually came to threaten the social structure as well.
What is social reform?
400
An edict issued by Joseph II in 1781. It was the first time a Catholic Habsburg ruler recognized the religious rights of non-Catholics.
What is the Edict of Toleration
500
A severe and unemotional form of art harkening back to the grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome. It evolved to express a rationality and seriousness that coincided the French and American Revolutions.
What is neoclassicism?
500
He was the author of The Plurality of World. This book provided a direct link between 17th century scientists and 18th century intellectuals. He used the form of an intimate conversation between an aristocratic lady and her lover to present an account of Newton's universe.
Who was Bernard de Fontenelle?
500
He was a philosopher who argued that previous cultural and scientific achievements had produced pretension, conformity, and idle luxury. He also believed in the essential good of human nature. In his novel, Emile, he argued that children should be educated in a such a way as to preserve their natural goodness.
Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau?
500
A French female writer who translated Newton and explained the significance of the new theories in her scientific essays.
Who was Emilie du Chatelet?
500
He first encouraged religious toleration in his book, Critical and Historical Dictionary.
Who was Pierre Bayle?