Enlightenment Philosophers
Who believed that all men have natural rights to life, liberty, and property?
Who is John Locke?
Which Russian tsar sought to westernize Russia and built St. Petersburg as a "window to Europe"?
Who is Peter the Great?
Which political theory asserts that monarchs derive their authority directly from God and are not subject to earthly authority, such as a parliament?
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
Which monarch is known for strengthening the French monarchy, building the Palace of Versailles, and making the monarchy the center of France's culture and politics?
Who is Louis XIV?
Which royal family's king famously said, "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the state") and centralized power in France?
Bourbon
Which philosopher is known for the idea of the social contract and believed that man in his natural state was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short?
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Which Russian ruler is considered an enlightened despot by modernizing Russia's military, education system, and government during the 18th century?
Who is Catherine the Great?
Which concept introduced by John Locke argues that governments are formed by the consent of the governed to protect their natural rights?
What is Social Contract?
Which English leader became Lord Protector after the English Civil War and governed without a monarchy?
The king of Spain was the emperor from which family who launched the ill-fated Spanish Armada against England in 1588?
Which Enlightenment thinker is most famous for his ideas on the separation of powers within government?
Who is Montesquieu?
Which Prussian king is credited with transforming Prussia into a powerful military state during the early 18th century?
Who is Frederick William I?
What is the philosophical idea that emphasizes reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, particularly religious and monarchical power?
What is Enlightened Thinking?
Which philosopher’s ideas on natural rights and the social contract influenced the development of modern liberal democratic governments, particularly the American Revolution?
Who is John Locke?
What is the name of the royal family in which this Prussian king transformed the state into a powerful military power and established a strict system of governance, centralizing authority in the monarchy?
What are the Hohenzollern?
Who advocated for freedom of speech and religion, famously criticizing the French monarchy and Catholic Church?
Who is Voltaire?
Which Stuart monarch's reign marked the beginning of the English Civil War, as he clashed with Parliament over the divine right of kings?
Which concept, as described by Montesquieu, divides government into three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial—in order to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power?
What is separation of powers?
Which Enlightenment thinker’s work, "The Spirit of the Laws," laid the foundation for the separation of powers and greatly influenced the structure of modern constitutional governments?
Who is Montesquieu?
This monarch’s reign saw the outbreak of the English Civil War due to his belief in the divine right of kings and clashes with Parliament.
What are the Stuarts?
Which philosopher believed that society's general will should guide the laws of a government?
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Which Habsburg monarch tried to centralize power in Spain but faced numerous financial crises and military defeats?
Which theory, associated with Enlightenment thinkers, suggests that human beings are born with certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and property, and that these rights must be protected by the government?
What are natural rights?
Which Prussian ruler is known for military reforms that transformed Prussia into one of Europe’s leading military powers and for his support of the arts and Enlightenment thinkers?
Who is Frederick the Great?
What is the name of the short-lived dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 for a total of 118 years?
What are the Tudors?