One Fish
What percentage of U.S seafood is imported?
~75-90%
What region of the world produces the majority of global seafood?
Asia
What are the three major differences between fish and most mammals?
Remember! Fish are not dogs
*Fair game for exam*
1. Live in water = more susceptible
2. Gills instead of lungs
3. Cold-blooded = poikilothermic and ectothermic
What is "Royal Jelly"
A highly nutritious glandular secretion of young bees, used to feed the queen and young brood
What crop is depends entirely on honey bees?
Almonds
What are the 3 "import risks" that the U.S experiences by importing so much fish?
*Noted as fair game on exam*
1. Sustainability
2. Food Safety
3. AW (animal welfare) practices
*mentioned as exam question*
Water Quality!
What is the common name for zoonotic mycobacterium in fish?
What is the difference between a drone and a worker bee?
Drones are male and haploid and lazy
Workers are female and diploid and do everything except lay eggs and fertilize
What is the genus and species of the Western honey bee originating in Europe and Africa and now located around the world
Apis mellifera
What is the most important aspect of a clinically important protist infection in fish?
How do you diagnose and treat protist infection?
Severity
Wet-mounts
Immersion (salt, hydrogen peroxide, formalin, etc)
What is the fish protist infection that is commonly on the NAVLE?
"Ich" or white spot disease
Ichthyophthirius multifilis
What parasite is the biggest health issue for fish? How do they cause issues?
Sea Lice
They eat the skin/mucus and cause osmoregulatory disfunction and 2º infections
Tx: cleaner fish (lumpsucker), thermolicer/hydrolicer, laser beams (very James Bond)
What is the prevalence of Deformed Wing Virus in the US?
>30%
What transmits the Deformed Wing Virus?
Varroa Mite
What are the 4 key pieces of aquaculture sustainability?
1. Disease Prevention
2. Responsible Medical Management
3. Feed Sources
4. Traceability
What is the one drug used for anesthesia for fish?
*Important for Exam***
TMS
What are the diagnostic techniques for bacteria, viruses, and parasites affecting fish?
Bacteria: aerobic culture of kidney/brain
Viruses: virus isolation, PCR +/- EM
Parasites: wet mount
What is Propolis?
Sap or resin collected from trees or plants by bees and used to strengthen the comb and to seal cracks (antimicrobial properties)
What is the most prevalent virus in bees?
Deformed Wing Virus
Can have effects in symptomatic and asymptomatic bees
What are 5 major water quality parameters (things that affect water quality?
1. Dissolved oxygen (low = bad)
2. Toxins/contaminants (fertilizers/pesticides, etc)
3. Ammonia (waste from fish/decomp)
4. Nitrate/Nitrite (ammonia metabolites)
5. Dissolved gases from well water
What are 4 sources of stress for fish?
1. Handling
2. Stocking density (too high or too low)
3. Inappropriate Housing
4. Bright lights/noise
5. POOR WATER QUALITY****
A school of fish has been recently transported to a fresh water aquaculture facility. You get a call that some of the fish have started growing "fuzzy cotton-like hats" on their heads and gills. What is one of your top differentials?
Water mold infection (saprolegneosis)
Ubiquitous in fresh water and soil
Often appears after acute stress
Very difficult to treat once established
What are the four major "things" killing bees today?
1) Pesticides
2) Pests and pathogens
3) Environment (climate change/ habitat loss)
4) Genetics
What are the three types of Deformed Wing Virus? Which type is most dominant?
A, B, C
A is most dominant