Unit 1-2 (18-24%)
What is a similarity and difference between Non Polar Covalent Bonds and Polar Covalent Bonds
both share electrons between atoms, polar covalent do so with an unequal sharing
What is activation energy? how do enzymes influence this?
the amount of energy required for a reaction to occur. enzymes lower the energy needed by catalyzing the reaction
plasmodesmata for plants
gap junctions for animals
What are the 3 types RNA and what are their jobs?
tRNA - transfer amino acids to ribosome during translation
rRNA - one of the components of ribosomes, along with proteins
mRNA - messenger that moves a copy of a gene to the ribosome for protein synthesis
What is fitness in biology'?
measurement based on mature, surviving offspring
What exactly is a hydrogen bond
Inter molecular
links an electronegative atom with the Hydrogen of A separate molecule
explain why a decrease in pH, is an increase in acidity.
p = -log
H = [H+]
the more H (more acidic) the lower the value
What is cyclic AMP? What does it do? and who are its cousins?
cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an amplifier, or secondary messenger that relays the message and continues transduction.
ATP and ADP are AMP's cousins
What are restriction enzymes? Where did they originate? and What lab technique are they used in?
RE cut DNA at specific recognition sites. They originated in bacteria as a defense mechanism against viruses. Now we use them in Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA for comparison/similarity OR we use it for splicing genes of interest into plasmids
in general the 2 hardy Weinberg equations are used for different frequencies.
When is p + q = 1 used?
What about p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
allele frequencies (only 2)
phenotype frequencies (3)
What is the difference between "cisternae" and "Cristae"?
cisterae refer to the faces of the Golgi complex (cis receives and trans sends) and Cristal are the folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
CAM plants and C4 plants evolved in hot dry environments to avoid losing too much water. What is the major difference between their methods?
CAM uses temporal separation of Light rxns and Calvin Cycle (done during different times)
C4 uses separates their steps in different places
(different cells for different processes)
What does protein phosphatase do? what about protein kinase?
phosphatase actually DEphosphorylates and turns pathways off
What are the 3 parts of an operon?
Promoter
operator
gene
Give an example of a behavioral isolation that allows speciation to occur
rituals, songs, dances, signals, signs that you are a viable mate.
What is the significance of the the Sulfhydryl functional group
Sulfur bridges that stabilize protein structure
FADH2 is a high energy electron carrier that is produced directly from the Krebs cycle. It carries electrons to the ETC for ATP production.
What are cyclins? do the levels of cyclins change?
cyclins are regulatory proteins that control the cell cycle. they are produced and released at different stages to activate various proteins that are ALWAYS present called CDKs. Cyclin dependent kinases.
What are two ways Histones can be modified to regulate gene expression ?
methylation - inhibits gene expression by tightening DNA
and acetylation - enhances gene expression by loosening DNA
What's the difference between spatial learning and social learning in young animals?
spatial learning is learning to recognize your surroundings to find food, mates, shelter sometimes uses landmarks.
social learning is done from interacting with members of your own species. finding food in groups, living in common shelters etc.
What is pinocytosis? how is it different that endocytosis?
pinocytosis is "cell drinking" uptake of fluid - non specific with dissolved materials
endocytosis is specific for intake of certain molecules. sometimes is receptor mediated
What is the "problem" with RuBISCO? what is his cousin that does not have this problem?
RuBISCO has an affinity for Oxygen & carbon dioxide and can lead to photorespiration.
PepCarboxylase ONLY binds carbon dioxide. (Pepsi and COke)
What is the difference between phenotypic plasticity and polygenic traits?
phenotypic plasticity is when an organism's phenotype may vary despite its genes being unchanged, normally due to some type of stimulus (bunny grows black fur during cold periods)
Polygenic traits are single phenotypes influenced by many genes (height, skin color, eye color)
these are molecules that are already present inside the egg of a female (unevenly distributed) that will influence cell differentiation. When the cell begins dividing, the cells will have different molecules that will cause them to specialize.
Give an example of each type of survivorship curve: I, II, and III. What is the difference in strategies?
1 - humans
2 - birds
3 - turtles
it is a balance of parental care and number of offspring. type 1 has few offspring, lots of energy invested to care. type 3 has no care, but lots of offspring. type 2 has a moderate amount of offspring and a moderate amount of care.