Economics
Politics
Technology
Notable Notables
100
“There are today on the plains of India and China men and women, plague-ridden and hungry, living lives little better, to outward appearance, than those of the cattle that toil with them by day and share their places of sleep by night…such unmechanised horrors, are the lot of those who increase their numbers without passing through” (Kennedy, p. 147) this “revolution”, which led to the economic ascendancy of 19th century Western Europe, but by bypassing China and India, contributed to the relative economic decline of these latter two countries in the global power balance.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
100
Top-down or civic nationalism advanced the creation of a unified this – “a political unit bringing together most people of one nationality” (Mason, p.83), and reshaped the map of Europe.
What is a Nation-State?
100
This invention was a key reason for the increase in manufacturing and transportation productivity underlying the Industrial Revolution. In the transportation sphere, this invention meant that “a single railway engine could transport goods which would have required hundreds of packhorses, and do it far more quickly.” (Kennedy, p.145)
What is the Steam Engine?
100
The architect of German unification in 1870.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
200
Which country does Kennedy refer to as the “first industrial nation”? (p.148)
What is Great Britain?
200
The creation of these two new unified states in Europe “changed the face of, and the balance of power in, Europe” (Mason, p.83).
What are Italy and Germany?
200
This invention was another hallmark of the Industrial Revolution that facilitated Great Britain’s economic hegemony of the 19th century. Its introduction to the British textile industry meant that “by the 1820s someone operating several (of these) could produce twenty times the output of a hand worker” (Kennedy, p.145).
What is the Power Loom?
200
The author of The Wealth of Nations (1776).
Who is Adam Smith?
300
The trade in this drug, employed as an economic strategy to address China’s trade surplus with the West, set in root the economic and social factors that produced “conditions ripe for rebellion” (Ropp, p.106.), and led to the decline of the Qing empire (1800-1920).
What is Opium?
300
This political ideology favored a government limited by constitutions and “promoted individual rights, respect for private property, the rule of law, and stronger parliaments” (Mason, p.49). It was a driving force in shaping not only the politics of 19th century Europe, but in also encouraging entrepreneurial activity.
What is Political Liberalism?
300
This invention was a turning point in the history of communications technology. Its application to the logistics of coordinating troops and supplies is credited by Mason as having aided Prussia’s victory over Austria in the Seven Weeks War, and hastened German unification and Germany’s ascendancy as a Great Power of the 19th century (Mason, p.90).
What is the Telegraph?
300
The English philosopher, who Mason describes as the “standard-bearer of nineteenth-century liberalism.. who argued in his essay “On Liberty” (1859) that one person’s freedom could be restricted only if it impinged on the individual freedom of another” (p.49)
Who is John Stuart Mill?
400
This economic ideology, that favored limited government regulation of industrial and commercial activity and free international trade as opposed to mercantilism (Mason, p.49), permeated the economic policy of 19th century Europe. It led to a new international order of an “integrated global economy, …. centered upon western Europe, and in particular upon Great Britain” (Kennedy, p. 143)
What is Economic Liberalism or laissez-faire Liberalism?
400
Japan, in the Meiji Era (1868-1912), emerged as a power in the Global East by adopting “the military and technical equipment of the West” (Palmer, Colton, and Kramer, p.547). It could be argued that Japan's 'westernizing' strategy was an offshoot of this development strategy - where rulers “outside Europe copied European methods of governance” (Gelvin, p.70).
What is Defensive Developmentalism?
400
This military invention was instrumental in Prussia’s success over Austria in the Seven Weeks War, an important stepping stone towards German unification and Germany’s ascendancy as a Great Power of the 19th century (Mason, p.90).
What is the Needle Gun?
400
The Italian adventurer who Mason describes as the “foremost military figure and most popular hero of the Italian unification movement “(p.89).
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
500
The rapid growth of the European economies, and Great Britain in particular, and the resultant economic eclipse of the non-European world is highlighted in this statistic – in 1750, Europe’s share of world manufacturing output was 23.2% (Britain’s share 1.9%), by 1900, Europe's share had risen to this percent (Britain’s share to 18.5%).
What is 62 percent?
500
The new international order of the 19th century is highlighted by this territorial expansion statistic – “In 1500, European countries controlled 7 percent of the land surface of the planet; by 1800, they controlled 35 percent; by 1914, they controlled” this percent of the world (Mason, p.100).
What is 84 percent?
500
European world dominance by the turn of the 20th century (Mason, p.100) was a result of the application of technological advancements to the military and naval spheres spearheading this - “the process by which one state, with superior military strength and more advanced technology, imposes its control over the land, resources, and population of a less developed region” (Mason, p.94).
What is Imperialism?
500
This Chinese revolutionary, poet, and feminist, was executed for her role in attempting to overthrow the Qing Empire. She wrote the following lines – “The sun is setting with no road ahead / In vain I weep for loss of country. Although I die, yet I still live / Through sacrifice I have fulfilled my duty” (Ropp, p.114).
Who is Qiu Jin?